{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T22:30:42Z","timestamp":1787869842018,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]],"date-time":"2021-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chulalongkorn University-Veterinary Science Research Fund","award":["4\/2561"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4\/2561"]}]},{"name":"Chulalongkorn Academic Advancement into Its 2nd Century Project","award":["no grant number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no grant number"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to present molecular and antimicrobial resistance characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clonal complex (CC) 398 isolated from diseased dogs and cats in Thailand. A total of 20 MRSA isolates of 134 Staphylococcus aureus isolated from canine and feline clinical samples during 2017\u20132020 were CC398, consisting of sequence type (ST) 398 (18 isolates), ST5926 (1 isolate), and ST6563 (1 isolate) by multilocus sequence typing. spa t034 and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) V were predominantly associated with ST398. Intraclonal differentiation was present by additional spa (t1255, t4653), non-detectable spa, composite SCCmec with a hybrid of ccrA1B1+ccrC and class A mec complex, and DNA fingerprints by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The isolates essentially carried antimicrobial resistance genes, mediating multiple resistance to \u03b2-lactams (mecA, blaZ), tetracyclines [tet(M)], aminoglycosides [aac(6\u2032)-Ie-aph(2\u2032)-Ia], and trimethoprim (dfr). Livestock-associated MRSA ST398 resistance genes including lnu(B), lsa(E), spw, fexA, and tet(L) were heterogeneously found and lost in subpopulation, with the absence or presence of additional erm(A), erm(B), and ileS2 genes that corresponded to resistance phenotypes. As only a single CC398 was detected with the presence of intraclonal variation, CC398 seems to be the successful MRSA clone colonizing in small animals as a pet-associated MRSA in Thailand.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10030243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]],"date-time":"2021-02-28T20:43:32Z","timestamp":1614545012000},"page":"243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clonal Complex 398 as a Major MRSA Lineage in Dogs and Cats in Thailand"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2324-9186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Surawit","family":"Chueahiran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jitrapa","family":"Yindee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pongthai","family":"Boonkham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nipattra","family":"Suanpairintr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8979-2440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pattrarat","family":"Chanchaithong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.01.039","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in veterinary medicine","volume":"140","author":"Weese","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2011.09.030","article-title":"Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Global epidemiology and harmonisation of typing methods","volume":"39","author":"Stefani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2012.08.003","article-title":"Global epidemiology of community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA)","volume":"15","author":"Mediavilla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1086\/528716","article-title":"Are community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains replacing traditional nosocomial MRSA strains?","volume":"46","author":"Popovich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1086\/507918","article-title":"Characteristics of patients with healthcare-associated infection due to SCCmec type IV methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"27","author":"Davis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Control. Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1086\/499815","article-title":"Emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 genotype as a major cause of health care-associated blood stream infections","volume":"42","author":"Seybold","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr499","article-title":"A USA300 variant and other human-related methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains infecting cats and dogs in France","volume":"67","author":"Haenni","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02493","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in horses, cats and dogs over a 5-year period in France","volume":"8","author":"Haenni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.06.013","article-title":"Increased genetic diversity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from companion animals","volume":"235","author":"Loncaric","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq078","article-title":"Clonal spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in Europe and North America: An international multicentre study","volume":"65","author":"Perreten","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vincze, S., Stamm, I., Kopp, P.A., Hermes, J., Adlhoch, C., Semmler, T., Wieler, L.H., L\u00fcbke-Becker, A., and Walther, B. (2014). Alarming proportions of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in wound samples from companion animals, Germany 2010-2012. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085656"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2014.07.007","article-title":"Risk factors for MRSA infection in companion animals: Results from a case-control study within Germany","volume":"304","author":"Vincze","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.016","article-title":"Predominance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus SCCmec type II-CC5 and SCCmec type IV-CC1\/CC8 among companion animal clinical isolates in Japan: Findings from phylogenetic comparison with human clinical isolates","volume":"20","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.1086\/344772","article-title":"Asymptomatic nasal carriage of mupirocin-resistant, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a pet dog associated with MRSA infection in household contacts","volume":"36","author":"Manian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asanin, J., Misic, D., Aksentijevic, K., Tambur, Z., Rakonjac, B., Kovacevic, I., Spergser, J., and Loncaric, I. (2019). Genetic profiling and comparison of human and animal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from Serbia. Antibiotics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8010026"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.02.004","article-title":"Interspecies spread of Staphylococcus aureus clones among companion animals and human close contacts in a veterinary teaching hospital. A cross-sectional study in Greece","volume":"126","author":"Drougka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"222","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in veterinary medicine: A \u201cnew emerging pathogen\u201d?","volume":"119","author":"Walther","year":"2006","journal-title":"Berl. Munch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02704-12","article-title":"Molecular analysis of human and canine Staphylococcus aureus strains reveals distinct extended-host-spectrum genotypes independent of their methicillin resistance","volume":"79","author":"Vincze","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2017.0032","article-title":"Molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Australian animals and veterinarians","volume":"24","author":"Worthing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12545","article-title":"Strain typing and antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin-resistant coagulase-positive staphylococcal species in dogs and people associated with dogs in Thailand","volume":"117","author":"Chanchaithong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2019.0011","article-title":"Molecular characterization and antimicrobial resistance of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from pigs and swine workers in central Thailand","volume":"25","author":"Chanchaithong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.02.006","article-title":"Molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains from pet animals and veterinary staff in China","volume":"190","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.12.007","article-title":"Livestock-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Asia: An emerging issue?","volume":"45","author":"Chuang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12007","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST398 in pig farms and multispecies farms","volume":"60","author":"Verhegghe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Hlth."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04789-0","article-title":"Transmission of highly virulent community-associated MRSA ST93 and livestock-associated MRSA ST398 between humans and pigs in Australia","volume":"7","author":"Sahibzada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7292","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.21.7292-7308.2005","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing of Staphylococcus haemolyticus uncovers the extreme plasticity of its genome and the evolution of human-colonizing staphylococcal species","volume":"187","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2012.01056.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius","volume":"23","author":"Kadlec","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt020","article-title":"Clinical and molecular features of methicillin-resistant, coagulase-negative staphylococci of pets and horses","volume":"68","author":"Kern","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5509","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00738-13","article-title":"Novel pseudo-staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element (\u03c8SCCmec57395) in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius CC45","volume":"57","author":"Perreten","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03842.x","article-title":"Novel and uncommon antimicrobial resistance genes in livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"18","author":"Kadlec","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.03.027","article-title":"Identification of ABC transporter genes conferring combined pleuromutilin-lincosamide-streptogramin A resistance in bovine methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci","volume":"177","author":"Wendlandt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt015","article-title":"Detection and new genetic environment of the pleuromutilin-lincosamide-streptogramin A resistance gene lsa(E) in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of swine origin","volume":"68","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.11.014","article-title":"Canine superficial bacterial folliculitis: Current understanding of its etiology, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"199","author":"Bloom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e143","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12118","article-title":"Guidelines for the diagnosis and antimicrobial therapy of canine superficial bacterial folliculitis (Antimicrobial Guidelines Working Group of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases)","volume":"25","author":"Hillier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2012.01057.x","article-title":"A review of topical therapy for skin infections with bacteria and yeast","volume":"23","author":"Mueller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2016.08.008","article-title":"Acquisition of the fexA and cfr genes in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius during florfenicol treatment of canine pyoderma","volume":"7","author":"Couto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob Resist."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr118","article-title":"Molecular basis of rifampicin resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates from dogs","volume":"66","author":"Kadlec","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.06.001","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) among employees and in the environment of a small animal hospital","volume":"221","author":"Schuenemann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neradova, K., Jakubu, V., Pomorska, K., and Zemlickova, H. (2020). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in veterinary professionals in 2017 in the Czech Republic. BMC Vet. Res., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2223-z"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.b4870","article-title":"Sequence type 398 meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection and colonisation in dogs","volume":"166","author":"Floras","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Price, L.B., Stegger, M., Hasman, H., Aziz, M., Larsen, J., Andersen, P.S., Pearson, T., Waters, A.E., Foster, J.T., and Schupp, J. (2012). Staphylococcus aureus CC398: Host adaptation and emergence of methicillin resistance in livestock. mBio, 3.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00305-11"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07312.x","article-title":"Adaptation of Staphylococcus aureus to ruminant and equine hosts involves SaPI-carried variants of von Willebrand factor-binding protein","volume":"77","author":"Viana","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evx037","article-title":"Recombination-mediated host adaptation by avian Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"9","author":"Murray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrison, E.M., Weinert, L.A., Holden, M.T., Welch, J.J., Wilson, K., Morgan, F.J., Harris, S.R., Loeffler, A., Boag, A.K., and Peacock, S.J. (2014). A shared population of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 15 circulates in humans and companion animals. mBio, 5.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00985-13"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01232-09","article-title":"Multiplex-PCR method for species identification of coagulase-positive staphylococci","volume":"48","author":"Sasaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4089","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.9.4089-4094.2003","article-title":"Multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of nine clinically relevant antibiotic resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"41","author":"Strommenger","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2020). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, [30th ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/clsi.org\/media\/3481\/m100ed30_sample.pdf."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2020). Performance Standards for Antimicrobsial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated From Animals, [5th ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/clsi.org\/media\/m1gppkx2\/vet01sed5_sample.pdf."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46965-0","article-title":"Interpretive criteria to differentiate low- and high-level mupirocin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"56","author":"Cardozo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(01)00262-0","article-title":"Correlation of MIC methods and tentative interpretive criteria for disk diffusion susceptibility testing using NCCLS methodology for fusidic acid","volume":"40","author":"Skov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alba, P., Feltrin, F., Cordaro, G., Porrero, M.C., Kraushaar, B., Argud\u00edn, M.A., Nyk\u00e4senoja, S., Monaco, M., Stegger, M., and Aarestrup, F.M. (2015). Livestock-associated methicillin resistant and methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus sequence type (CC)1 in European farmed animals: High genetic relatedness of isolates from Italian cattle herds and humans. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137143"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2009.02742.x","article-title":"The emerging methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 clone can easily be typed using the Cfr9I SmaI-neoschizomer","volume":"50","author":"Rodicio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5442","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.12.5442-5448.2003","article-title":"Typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a university hospital setting by using novel software for spa repeat determination and database management","volume":"41","author":"Harmsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01599-07","article-title":"spa Typing of Staphylococcus aureus as a frontline tool in epidemiological typing","volume":"46","author":"Strommenger","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00165-06","article-title":"Combination of multiplex PCRs for staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type assignment: Rapid identification system for mec, ccr, and major differences in junkyard regions","volume":"51","author":"Kondo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(IWG-SCC), I.W.G.o.t.C.o.S.C.C.E (2009). Classification of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec): Guidelines for reporting novel SCCmec elements. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 53, 4961\u20134967.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00579-09"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.3.1008-1015.2000","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing for characterization of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible clones of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"38","author":"Enright","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/10\/3\/243\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:30:32Z","timestamp":1760160632000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/10\/3\/243"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics10030243"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics10030243","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]]}}}