{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T00:27:45Z","timestamp":1793752065745,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), including multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, are gaining importance in the aetiology of prosthetic joint infection (PJI). This retrospective observational study identified independent risk factors (RFs) associated with MDR-GNB PJI and their influence on treatment outcomes. We assessed MDR bacteria causing hip and knee PJIs diagnosed at a Brazilian tertiary hospital from January 2014 to July 2018. RFs associated with MDR-GNB PJI were estimated by bivariate and multivariate analyses using prevalence ratios (PRs) with significance at p &lt; 0.05. Kaplan\u2013Meier analysis was performed to evaluate treatment outcomes. Overall, 98 PJI patients were analysed, including 56 with MDR-GNB and 42 with other bacteria. Independent RFs associated with MDR-GNB PJI were revision arthroplasty (p = 0.002), postoperative hematoma (p &lt; 0.001), previous orthopaedic infection (p = 0.002) and early infection (p = 0.001). Extensively drug-resistant GNB (p = 0.044) and comorbidities (p = 0.044) were independently associated with MDR-GNB PJI treatment failure. In sum, MDR-GNB PJI was independently associated with previous orthopaedic surgery, postoperative local complications and pre-existing infections and was possibly related to selective pressure on bacterial skin colonisation by antibiotics prescribed for early PJI. Infections due to MDR-GNB and comorbidities were associated with higher treatment failure rates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10030340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T14:08:16Z","timestamp":1616508496000},"page":"340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Outcomes and Risk Factors in Prosthetic Joint Infections by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative Bacteria: A Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Raquel Bandeira","family":"da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital S\u00e3o Francisco de Assis, Belo Horizonte 30360-290, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5443-6024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro Jos\u00e9","family":"Salles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Santa Casa de S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo 01221-020, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio LEMC, Disciplina de Infectologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo-Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP-EPM), S\u00e3o Paulo 04025-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"National Hospital Discharge Survey: 2004 Annual Summary with Detailed Diagnosis and Procedure Data","volume":"13","author":"Kozak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vital. 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