{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T06:44:52Z","timestamp":1791614692180,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We recently described the genetic antimicrobial resistance and virulence profile of a collection of 279 commensal E. coli of food-producing animal (FPA), pet, wildlife and human origin. Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the role of commensal E. coli as reservoir of extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) virulence-associated genes (VAGs) or as potential ExPEC pathogens were evaluated. The most common phenotypic resistance was to tetracycline (76\/279, 27.24%), sulfamethoxazole\/trimethoprim (73\/279, 26.16%), streptomycin and sulfisoxazole (71\/279, 25.45% both) among the overall collection. Poultry and rabbit were the sources mostly associated to AMR, with a significant resistance rate (p &gt; 0.01) to quinolones, streptomycin, sulphonamides, tetracycline and, only for poultry, to ampicillin and chloramphenicol. Finally, rabbit was the source mostly associated to colistin resistance. Different pandemic (ST69\/69*, ST95, ST131) and emerging (ST10\/ST10*, ST23, ST58, ST117, ST405, ST648) ExPEC sequence types (STs) were identified among the collection, especially in poultry source. Both ST groups carried high number of ExPEC VAGs (pandemic ExPEC STs, mean = 8.92; emerging ExPEC STs, mean = 6.43) and showed phenotypic resistance to different antimicrobials (pandemic ExPEC STs, mean = 2.23; emerging ExPEC STs, mean = 2.43), suggesting their role as potential ExPEC pathogens. Variable phenotypic resistance and ExPEC VAG distribution was also observed in uncommon ExPEC lineages, suggesting commensal flora as a potential reservoir of virulence (mean = 3.80) and antimicrobial resistance (mean = 1.69) determinants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10040351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T13:17:53Z","timestamp":1616764673000},"page":"351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance Profile and ExPEC Virulence Potential in Commensal Escherichia coli of Multiple Sources"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Elisa","family":"Massella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1168-4826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Giacometti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2625-7993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Bonilauri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron J.","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9301-5372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven P.","family":"Djordjevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Merialdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Bacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Fiorentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, 47122 Forl\u00ec, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Massi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, 47122 Forl\u00ec, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lia","family":"Bardasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1764-5804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silva","family":"Rubini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, 44124 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Savini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6649-438X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Serraino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Piva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro818","article-title":"Pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"2","author":"Kaper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. 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