{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:50:14Z","timestamp":1787496614687,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","award":["JP20wm0125008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20wm0125008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance to quinolones, which constitutes a threat to public health, has been increasing worldwide. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of quinolone-resistant determinants in Escherichia coli not susceptible to quinolones and isolated from food-producing animals and food derived from them, in the Philippines. A total of 791 E. coli strains were isolated in 56.4% of 601 beef, chicken, pork, egg, and milk samples, as well as environmental, cloacal, and rectal swab-collected samples from supermarkets, open markets, abattoirs, and poultry, swine, and buffalo farms. Using the disc diffusion method, it was determined that 78.6% and 55.4% of the isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial and multiple drugs, respectively. In 141 isolates not susceptible to quinolones, 115 (81.6%) harbored quinolone-resistant determinants and had mutations predominantly in the quinolone-resistance determining regions (QRDRs) of gyrA and parC. Plasmid-mediated, quinolone resistance (PMQR) and Qnr family (qnrA1, qnrB4, and qnrS1) genes were detected in all isolates. Forty-eight sequence types were identified in isolates harboring mutations in QRDR and\/or PMQR genes by multilocus sequence typing analysis. Moreover, 26 isolates harboring mutations in QRDR and\/or PMQR genes belonged mostly to phylogroup B1 and Enteroaggregative E. coli. In conclusion, a high prevalence of E. coli was found in food-producing animals and products derived from them, which could potentially spread high-risk clones harboring quinolone-resistance determinants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10040413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T03:04:06Z","timestamp":1618196646000},"page":"413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Prevalence and Characterization of Quinolone-Resistance Determinants in Escherichia coli Isolated from Food-Producing Animals and Animal-Derived Food in the Philippines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Belotindos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"},{"name":"Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center, Science City of Mu\u00f1oz, Nueva Ecija 3120, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marvin","family":"Villanueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center, Science City of Mu\u00f1oz, Nueva Ecija 3120, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Joel","family":"Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Livestock Biotechnology Center, Philippine Carabao Center, Science City of Mu\u00f1oz, Nueva Ecija 3120, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Precious","family":"Bwalya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Harada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka 537-0025, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryuji","family":"Kawahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka 537-0025, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chie","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"},{"name":"International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claro","family":"Mingala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center, Science City of Mu\u00f1oz, Nueva Ecija 3120, Philippines"},{"name":"Livestock Biotechnology Center, Philippine Carabao Center, Science City of Mu\u00f1oz, Nueva Ecija 3120, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1313-1494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuhiko","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"},{"name":"International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Anderson, M., Cecchini, M., and Mossialos, E. 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