{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T22:14:21Z","timestamp":1776723261804,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, antibiotic-resistant bacteria with an impact on human health, such as extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-containing Enterobacteriaceae, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), have become more common in food. This is due to the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry, which leads to the promotion of antibiotic resistance and thus also makes food a source of such resistant bacteria. Most studies dealing with this issue usually focus on the animals or processed food products to examine the antibiotic resistant bacteria. This study investigated the intestine as another main habitat besides the skin for multiresistant bacteria. For this purpose, faeces samples were taken directly from the intestines of swine (n = 71) and broiler (n = 100) during the slaughter process and analysed. All samples were from animals fed in Austria and slaughtered in Austrian slaughterhouses for food production. The samples were examined for the presence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, MRSA, MRCoNS and VRE. The resistance genes of the isolated bacteria were detected and sequenced by PCR. Phenotypic ESBL-producing Escherichia coli could be isolated in 10% of broiler casings (10 out of 100) and 43.6% of swine casings (31 out of 71). In line with previous studies, the results of this study showed that CTX-M-1 was the dominant ESBL produced by E. coli from swine (n = 25, 83.3%) and SHV-12 from broilers (n = 13, 81.3%). Overall, the frequency of positive samples with multidrug-resistant bacteria was lower than in most comparable studies focusing on meat products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10040466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T05:35:25Z","timestamp":1618896925000},"page":"466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Multiresistant Bacteria Isolated from Intestinal Faeces of Farm Animals in Austria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4577-6983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herbert","family":"Galler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D&amp;R Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstra\u00dfe 6, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josefa","family":"Luxner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D&amp;R Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstra\u00dfe 6, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Petternel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Microbiology, Klinikum-Klagenfurt am W\u00f6rthersee, Feschnigstra\u00dfe 11, 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franz F.","family":"Reinthaler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D&amp;R Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstra\u00dfe 6, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D&amp;R Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstra\u00dfe 6, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doris","family":"Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D&amp;R Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstra\u00dfe 6, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8472-2155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clemens","family":"Kittinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D&amp;R Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstra\u00dfe 6, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Pless","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Service of the Department of Veterinary Administration, Styrian Government, Friedrichgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gebhard","family":"Feierl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D&amp;R Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstra\u00dfe 6, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1592-4559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gernot","family":"Zarfel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D&amp;R Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstra\u00dfe 6, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McEwen, S.A., and Collignon, P.J. (2018). Antimicrobial Resistance: A One Health Perspective. Microbiol. Spectr., 6.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.ARBA-0009-2017"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2011.12.012","article-title":"Fourteen years in resistance","volume":"39","author":"Livermore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2010.0552","article-title":"Antimicrobial-resistant enterococci in animals and meat: A human health hazard?","volume":"7","author":"Hammerum","year":"2010","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1556\/AMicr.55.2008.4.5","article-title":"Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci (Vre) Still Persist in Slaughtered Poultry in Hungary 8 Years After the Ban on Avoparcin","volume":"55","author":"Ghidan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Microbiol. Immunol. Hung"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01851.x","article-title":"Animal reservoirs for extended spectrum beta-lactamase producers","volume":"14","author":"Carattoli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-008-1126-y","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A new zoonotic agent?","volume":"121","author":"Springer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Wien Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics4040521","article-title":"Livestock-Associated MRSA: The Impact on Humans","volume":"4","author":"Cuny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos, S., Silva, V., Dapkevicius, M.L.E., Canica, M., Tejedor-Junco, M.T., Igrejas, G., and Poeta, P. (2020). Escherichia coli as Commensal and Pathogenic Bacteria Among Food-Producing Animals: Health Implications of Extended Spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) Production. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10122239"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1556\/004.2020.00024","article-title":"Detection of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in samples from broiler flocks and houses in Turkey","volume":"68","author":"Unal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Hung"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kock, R., Herr, C., Kreienbrock, L., Schwarz, S., Tenhagen, B.A., and Walther, B. (2021). Multiresistant Gram-Negative Pathogens-A Zoonotic Problem. Dtsch. Arztebl. Int., 118.","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2021.0184"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.238","article-title":"Resistance in gram-negative bacteria: Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"34","author":"Paterson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4472","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00688-09","article-title":"Complete nucleotide sequences of plasmids pEK204, pEK499, and pEK516, encoding CTX-M enzymes in three major Escherichia coli lineages from the United Kingdom, all belonging to the international O25:H4-ST131 clone","volume":"53","author":"Woodford","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl483","article-title":"CTX-M: Changing the face of ESBLs in Europe","volume":"59","author":"Livermore","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.09.135","article-title":"Distribution of virulence factors in ESBL-producing Escherichia coli isolated from the environment, livestock, food and humans","volume":"541","author":"Muller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alba, P., Feltrin, F., Cordaro, G., Porrero, M.C., Kraushaar, B., Argudin, M.A., Nykasenoja, S., Monaco, M., Stegger, M., and Aarestrup, F.M. (2015). Livestock-Associated Methicillin Resistant and Methicillin Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Sequence Type (CC)1 in European Farmed Animals: High Genetic Relatedness of Isolates from Italian Cattle Herds and Humans. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137143"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268812001343","article-title":"Virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes in human MRSA ST398 isolates in Austria","volume":"141","author":"Zarfel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1703.101036","article-title":"Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in humans, Europe","volume":"17","author":"Monnet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.J., Moon, D.C., Mechesso, A.F., Kang, H.Y., Song, H.J., Na, S.H., Choi, J.H., Yoon, S.S., and Lim, S.K. (2021). Nationwide Surveillance on Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Major Food Animal Carcasses in South Korea During 2010\u20132018. Foodborne Pathog. Dis.","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2020.2899"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shenoy, E.S., Paras, M.L., Noubary, F., Walensky, R.P., and Hooper, D.C. (2014). Natural history of colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE): A systematic review. BMC Infect. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-177"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku035","article-title":"Dramatic increase in vancomycin-resistant enterococci in Germany","volume":"69","author":"Gastmeier","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(96)01119-1","article-title":"Avoparcin used as a growth promoter is associated with the occurrence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium on Danish poultry and pig farms","volume":"31","author":"Bager","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nilsson, O. (2012). Vancomycin resistant enterococci in farm animals\u2014Occurrence and importance. Infect. Ecol. Epidemiol., 2.","DOI":"10.3402\/iee.v2i0.16959"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"725","article-title":"Control of the spread of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in hospitals: Epidemiology and clinical relevance","volume":"110","author":"Mutters","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.03001.x","article-title":"Extended-spectrum and CMY-type beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in clinical samples and retail meat from Pittsburgh, USA and Seville, Spain","volume":"16","author":"Doi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1707.110209","article-title":"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes of Escherichia coli in chicken meat and humans, The Netherlands","volume":"17","author":"Overdevest","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.08.002","article-title":"Increased raw poultry meat colonization by extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in the south of Spain","volume":"159","author":"Egea","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"369","article-title":"CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli in pigs from a Czech farm during production cycle","volume":"71","author":"Zelendova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2014.04.012","article-title":"Prevalence and genotypes of extended spectrum beta-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from human stool and chicken meat in Hamburg, Germany","volume":"304","author":"Fenner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks295","article-title":"High prevalence of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in organic and conventional retail chicken meat, Germany","volume":"67","author":"Kola","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108361","article-title":"Whole genome sequence analysis of antimicrobial resistance genes, multilocus sequence types and plasmid sequences in ESBL\/AmpC Escherichia coli isolated from broiler caecum and meat","volume":"315","author":"Paivarinta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00076","article-title":"Diversity of Plasmids and Genes Encoding Resistance to Extended Spectrum Cephalosporins in Commensal Escherichia coli From Dutch Livestock in 2007\u20132017","volume":"10","author":"Ceccarelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poirel, L., Madec, J.Y., Lupo, A., Schink, A.K., Kieffer, N., Nordmann, P., and Schwarz, S. (2018). Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli. Microbiol. Spectr., 6.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.ARBA-0026-2017"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2012.09.019","article-title":"Comparison of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL) carrying Escherichia coli from sewage sludge and human urinary tract infection","volume":"173","author":"Zarfel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2014.04.013","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of multidrug-resistant bacteria from minced meat in Austria","volume":"44","author":"Petternel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12582","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph111212582","article-title":"Multiresistant bacteria isolated from chicken meat in Austria","volume":"11","author":"Zarfel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"44","article-title":"Characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli from raw meat and comparison to human isolates","volume":"99","author":"Springer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wien Tierarztl. Monatsschr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02652","article-title":"Occurrence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in turkey flocks","volume":"92","author":"Sting","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2021). CLSI, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2008: Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: 18th Informational Supplement, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. CLSI document M100-S18."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.4.1249-1255.2004","article-title":"Dissemination of CTX-M-type beta-lactamases among clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in Paris, France","volume":"48","author":"Eckert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"79","article-title":"Use of hybridization probes in a real-time PCR assay on the LightCycler for the detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"345","author":"Grisold","year":"2006","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm140","article-title":"Experience with the Roche LightCycler VRE detection kit during a large outbreak of vanB2\/B3 vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium","volume":"60","author":"Koh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/10\/4\/466\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:50:01Z","timestamp":1760161801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/10\/4\/466"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics10040466"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics10040466","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]}}}