{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T03:30:16Z","timestamp":1792899016502,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microorganisms, including pathogenic or opportunistic bacteria and fungi, may gain access to the uterus during breeding, and infectious endometritis plays a major role in equine subfertility. This study aimed to assess the post-breeding inflammatory response, endometrial culture, and embryo recovery of mares susceptible to persistent breeding-induced endometritis (PBIE) treated with plasma-rich (PRP) or -poor (PPP) plasma. Mares (n = 12) susceptible to PBIE had three cycles randomly assigned to receive intrauterine infusions of lactate ringer solution (LRS, control), or autologous PRP or PPP pre- (\u221248 and \u221224 h) and post-breeding (6 and 24 h). Mares were bred with fresh semen from one stallion. Intrauterine fluid accumulation (IUF) and endometrial neutrophils were assessed every 24 h up to 96 h post-breeding. Uterine cytokines (Il\u03b2, IL6, CXCL8, and IL10) were evaluated before (0 h), 6, and 24 h post-breeding, and endometrial culture three and nine days after breed. Embryo flushing was performed 8 days post-ovulation. Data were analyzed with mixed model, Tukey\u2019s post-hoc test, and multivariate regression. PRP treatment reduced endometrial neutrophils, post-breeding IUF, and pro-inflammatory cytokines when compared to control-assigned cycles, but not significantly different than PPP. Controls had a significantly higher percentage of positive bacterial cultures (33%) in comparison to PRP-assigned cycles (0%), whereas cycles treated with PPP were not significantly different from the other groups (25%). The PRP-assigned cycles had significantly greater embryo recovery rates (83%) than the control (33%), though not significantly different than PPP (60%). Plasma infusion reduced the duration and intensity of the post-breeding inflammatory response and improved embryo recovery in mares susceptible to PBIE. Platelets incrementally downregulate PBIE and appear to have a dose-dependent antimicrobial property.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10050490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T12:08:30Z","timestamp":1619179710000},"page":"490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Intrauterine Blood Plasma Platelet-Therapy Mitigates Persistent Breeding-Induced Endometritis, Reduces Uterine Infections, and Improves Embryo Recovery in Mares"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7526-7760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo G. T. M.","family":"Segabinazzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, 1008 W Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Sao Paulo 18618681, Brazil"},{"name":"Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre PO Box 334, St. Kitts, West Indies"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor F.","family":"Canisso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, 1008 W Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8046-6254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgia","family":"Podico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, 1008 W Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1321-2438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lais L.","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, 1008 W Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3658-2981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme","family":"Novello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, 1008 W Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Sao Paulo 18618681, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0000-0265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael F.","family":"Rosser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shavahn C.","family":"Loux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40503, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8377-6469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio S.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, 1008 W Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA"},{"name":"Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco A.","family":"Alvarenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Sao Paulo 18618681, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1991.198.010.1745","article-title":"Medical problems of adult horses, as ranked by equine practitioners","volume":"198","author":"Salman","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(99)00143-0","article-title":"Uterine clearance and resistance to persistent endometritis in the mare","volume":"52","author":"Troedsson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-12-0452","article-title":"Endometrial inflammatory markers of the early immune response in mares susceptible or resistant to persistent breeding-induced endometritis","volume":"145","author":"Woodward","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(98)00040-5","article-title":"Sperm transport and survival in the mare","volume":"49","author":"Troedsson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(00)00405-2","article-title":"Factors affecting pregnancy rates and early embryonic death after equine embryo transfer","volume":"54","author":"Carnevale","year":"2000","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM19970515","article-title":"Therapeutic considerations for mating-induced endometritis","volume":"13","author":"Troedsson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkd. Equine Med."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"283","article-title":"Uterine clearance of non-antigenic markers (51Cr) in response to a bacterial challenge in mares potentially susceptible and resistant to chronic uterine infections","volume":"44","author":"Troedsson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canisso, I.F., Segabinazzi, L.G.T.M., and Fedorka, C.E. (2020). Persistent Breeding-Induced Endometritis in mares\u2014A multifaceted challenge: From clinical aspects to immunopathogenesis and pathobiology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041432"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2007.05.050","article-title":"Relationships between uterine culture, cytology and pregnancy rates in a Thoroughbred practice","volume":"68","author":"Riddle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"673","article-title":"A study of the incidence of cervical and uterine infection in Thoroughbred mares in Ireland","volume":"66","author":"Collins","year":"1964","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.78.5.168","article-title":"The role of infection in infertility in the thoroughbred mare","volume":"78","author":"Bain","year":"1966","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2009.01485.x","article-title":"Clinical and subclinical endometritis in the mare: Both threats to fertility","volume":"44","author":"Leblanc","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2016.08.002","article-title":"Endometritis: Nontraditional Therapies","volume":"32","author":"Scoggin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"30206","article-title":"Platelet-Derived Products in Veterinary Medicine: A New Trend or an Effective Therapy?","volume":"20","author":"Soares","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2011.10.018","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma: A milieu of bioactive factors","volume":"28","author":"Boswell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthrosc. J. Arthrosc. Relat. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48657-5","article-title":"Antimicrobial action of autologous platelet-rich plasma on MRSA-infected skin wounds in dogs","volume":"9","author":"Farghali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24584","article-title":"V Platelet-rich plasma lysate displays antibiofilm properties and restores antimicrobial activity against synovial fluid biofilms in vitro","volume":"38","author":"Gilbertie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.4067\/S0301-732X2011000200008","article-title":"In vitro bactericidal activity of equine platelet concentrates, platelet poor plasma, and plasma against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"43","author":"Giraldo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1538-7836.2003.00331.x","article-title":"The birth of the platelet","volume":"1","author":"Hartwig","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-018-1386-z","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma or blood-derived products to improve endometrial receptivity?","volume":"36","author":"Ferreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2016-0048","article-title":"Platelet Rich Plasma: A short overview of certain bioactive components","volume":"11","author":"Pavlovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.01.029","article-title":"Inflammatory response in chronic degenerative endometritis mares treated with platelet-rich plasma","volume":"86","author":"Reghini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2012.06.065","article-title":"The effect of platelet-rich plasma on endometrial pro-inflammatory cytokines in susceptible mares following semen deposition","volume":"32","author":"Metcalf","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2013.10.087","article-title":"The effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) on intraluminal fluid and pregnancy rates in mares susceptible to persistent mating-induced endometritis (PMIE)","volume":"34","author":"Metcalf","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2017.08.007","article-title":"Uterine clinical findings, fertility rate, leucocyte migration, and COX-2 protein levels in the endometrial tissue of susceptible mares treated with platelet-rich plasma before and after AI","volume":"104","author":"Segabinazzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2021.103389","article-title":"Clinical observations after pre breeding intrauterine plasma infusion in 18 mares inseminated with thawed frozen semen","volume":"99","author":"Pasch","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"230","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma lysate improves bacterial load and outcomes of staphylococcus aureus infectious arthritis in horses","volume":"66","author":"Gilbertie","year":"2020","journal-title":"AAEP Proc."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"McCue, P.M., DeLuca, C.A., Ferris, R.A., and Wall, J.J. (2009, January 5\u20139). How to Evaluate Equine Embryos. Proceedings of the 55th American Association of Equine Practitioners, Las Vegas, NV, USA."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-018-1130-8","article-title":"In vitro evidence that platelet-rich plasma stimulates cellular processes involved in endometrial regeneration","volume":"35","author":"Aghajanova","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.4103\/jhrs.JHRS_28_17","article-title":"Autologous intrauterine platelet-rich plasma instillation for suboptimal endometrium in frozen embryo transfer cycles: A pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Tandulwadkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hum. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-016-0195-4","article-title":"Effects of platelet-rich plasma in a model of bovine endometrial inflammation in vitro","volume":"14","author":"Marini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2017.10.009","article-title":"Evaluation of three methods of platelet-rich plasma for treatment of equine distal limb skin wounds","volume":"72","author":"Brass","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2007.02.007","article-title":"Autologous platelet concentrates as a treatment of horses with osteoarthritis: A preliminary pilot clinical study","volume":"27","author":"Carmona","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2010.11.2.173","article-title":"Autologous conditioned plasma as therapy of tendon and ligament lesions in seven horses","volume":"11","author":"Georg","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(03)00137-5","article-title":"Endometrial IL-1\u03b2, IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1, mRNA expression in mares resistant or susceptible to post-breeding endometritis. Effects of estrous cycle, artificial insemination and immunomodulation","volume":"96","author":"Fumuso","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.04.016","article-title":"Effect of immunomodulatory therapy on the endometrial inflammatory response to induced infectious endometritis in susceptible mares","volume":"78","author":"Christoffersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2010.07.011","article-title":"Evaluation of the systemic acute phase response and endometrial gene expression of serum amyloid A and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in mares with experimentally induced endometritis","volume":"138","author":"Christoffersen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christoffersen, M., Woodward, E., Bojesen, A.M., Jacobsen, S., Petersen, M.R., Troedsson, M.H., and Lehn-Jensen, H. (2012). Inflammatory responses to induced infectious endometritis in mares resistant or susceptible to persistent endometritis. BMC Vet. Res., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-41"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-2139-3","article-title":"Deep sequencing of the uterine immune response to bacteria during the equine oestrous cycle","volume":"16","author":"Marth","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.22274","article-title":"Molecular basis of anti-inflammatory action of platelet-rich plasma on human chondrocytes: Mechanisms of NF-\u03baB inhibition via HGF","volume":"225","author":"Bendinelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511419278","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma releasate inhibits inflammatory processes in osteoarthritic chondrocytes","volume":"39","author":"Koevoet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.icb.7100086","article-title":"Toll-like receptors in the gonads and reproductive tract: Emerging roles in reproductive physiology and pathology","volume":"85","author":"Girling","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandrasekharan, N.V., and Simmons, D.L. (2004). The cyclooxygenases. Genome Biol., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2004-5-9-241"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2006.04.006","article-title":"Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and 10 (IL-10) mRNA transcriptions in the endometrium of normal mares and mares susceptible to persistent post-breeding endometritis","volume":"94","author":"Fumuso","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3815","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.11.3815","article-title":"IL-10 inhibits cytokine production by activated macrophages","volume":"147","author":"Fiorentino","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(02)01376-6","article-title":"Development and comparison of in vivo and in vitro models for endometritis in cows and mares","volume":"60","author":"Zerbe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drago, L., Bortolin, M., Vassena, C., Roman\u00f2, C.L., Taschieri, S., and Del Fabbro, M. (2014). Plasma components and platelet activation are essential for the antimicrobial properties of autologous platelet-rich plasma: An in vitro study. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107813"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6524","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.12.6524-6533.2002","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides from human platelets","volume":"70","author":"Tang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2011.04303.x","article-title":"Antibacterial effect of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF\u00ae-Endoret\u00ae) against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis strains","volume":"37","author":"Anitua","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2012.03668.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of platelet (PLT)-poor plasma, PLT-rich plasma, PLT gel, and solvent\/detergent-treated PLT lysate biomaterials against wound bacteria","volume":"53","author":"Burnouf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/biolreprod\/52.monograph_series1.539","article-title":"Effect of Adding Autologous Plasma to an Intrauterine Antibiotic Therapy after Breeding on Pregnancy Rates in Mares1","volume":"52","author":"Pascoe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.14215","article-title":"Increased complement activation during platelet storage","volume":"57","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(01)00530-1","article-title":"Effect of periovulatory prostaglandin F2\u03b1 on pregnancy rates and luteal function in the mare","volume":"55","author":"Troedsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.12.028","article-title":"Preovulatory progestagen treatment in mares fails to delay ovulation","volume":"197","author":"Canisso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Frois, A.R.C., Lof, H., and Mattos, R.C. (2017, January 14\u201317). Effect of uterine inflammation by Streptococcus zooepidemicus on progesterone levels in mares. Proceedings of the Reproducci\u00f3n Asistida en Equinos I, Bogot\u00e1, Colombia."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lange-Consiglio, A., Cazzaniga, N., Garlappi, R., Spelta, C., Pollera, C., Perrini, C., and Cremonesi, F. (2015). Platelet concentrate in bovine reproduction: Effects on in vitro embryo production and after intrauterine administration in repeat breeder cows. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-015-0064-6"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Collins, T., Contran, R.S., and Kumar, V. (1999). Robbins Pathologic Basic of Disease, W. B. Saunders. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Brinsko, S.P., Rigby, S.L.S.L., Varner, D.D., and Blanchard, T.L. (2003, January 21\u201325). A practical method for recognizing mares susceptible to post-breeding endometritis. Proceedings of the 49th Annual Conference of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, New Orleans, LA, USA."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0531.2000.00218.x","article-title":"X-ray microanalysis of the secretory epithelium of the endometrial glands and intraluminal uterine fluid in oestrus mares","volume":"35","author":"Ekwall","year":"2000","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.1981.tb01204.x","article-title":"Excessive oedema of the genital tract in the mare","volume":"28","author":"Henry","year":"1981","journal-title":"Zentralbl. Veterinarmed. A"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Morrow, D.A. (1986). Equine endometrial biopsy. Current Therapy in Theriogenology, W.B. Saunders Company."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101250","article-title":"Acute bilirubin ditaurate exposure attenuates ex vivo platelet reactive oxygen species production, granule exocytosis and activation","volume":"26","author":"Pennell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12290.x","article-title":"Comparison of Platelet Counting Technologies in Equine Platelet Concentrates","volume":"44","author":"Werre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.10.313","article-title":"Development of a bead-based multiplex assay for simultaneous quantification of cytokines in horses","volume":"127","author":"Wagner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2011.09.025","article-title":"Multiplex assays of inflammatory markers, a description of methods and discussion of precautions\u2014Our experience through the last ten years","volume":"56","author":"Skogstrand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13179","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13179","article-title":"The feto-maternal immune response to equine placentitis","volume":"82","author":"Fedorka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/10\/5\/490\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:52:05Z","timestamp":1760161925000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/10\/5\/490"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics10050490"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics10050490","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]}}}