{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T12:57:59Z","timestamp":1786366679171,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Taif University Researchers Supporting Project","award":["TURSP - 2020\/75"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TURSP - 2020\/75"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A total of 300 human fecal samples were collected from febrile neutropenic patients suffering from severe gastroenteritis, followed by identification and serological characterization of recovered isolates. Fifty nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars were recovered. A total of serologically identified 50 NTS serovars recovered from poultry of the same geographical area and during the same period as well as one standard strain S. Poona were supplied by the Bacterial Bank of Animal Health Research Institute of Egypt. Antibiogram analysis revealed that the human and poultry serovars exhibited similar antimicrobial resistance patterns against 28 different antimicrobial agents, particularly against ampicillin, cefotaxime, oxytetracycline, and erythromycin. Plasmids harboring blaCTX-m, blaSHV, blaTEM, and aac(6\u2019)-Ib were detected in 11 (22%) and 8 (16%) of human and poultry serovars, respectively. Molecular detection of the most clinically relevant virulence genes and analysis of the associated virulence genotypes proved that the human (n = 11) and poultry serovars (n = 12) shared 11 genotypes. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR analysis revealed that human and poultry serovars were clustered together in 3 out of the 4 clusters with a similarity index ranged from 0.15 to 1. Since poultry are usually consumed by humans, the presence of resistant bacteria harboring transmissible genetic elements is of great health concern.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10050493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T22:21:57Z","timestamp":1619475717000},"page":"493","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Serotyping and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Enteric Nontyphoidal Salmonella Recovered from Febrile Neutropenic Patients and Poultry in Egypt"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Reem A.","family":"Youssef","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), P.O. Box 11553, Giza 11553, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad M.","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity St., P.O. Box 11566, Cairo 11566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4357-4904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"El-Shehawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona I.","family":"Mabrouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), P.O. Box 11553, Giza 11553, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7608-850X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled M.","family":"Aboshanab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity St., P.O. Box 11566, Cairo 11566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2795","article-title":"An assessment of the human health impact of seven leading foodborne pathogens in the United States using disability adjusted life years","volume":"143","author":"Scallan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"481","article-title":"A review of salmonellosis on poultry farms: Public health importance","volume":"11","author":"Wibisono","year":"2020","journal-title":"Syst. Rev. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2019.106899","article-title":"A comparative exposure assessment of foodborne, animal contact and waterborne transmission routes of Salmonella in Canada","volume":"109","author":"Christidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, M., and Wilson, P.J. (2021). Gastroenteritis Due to Salmonella. Close Encounters of the Microbial Kind, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-56978-5"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-019-00213-z","article-title":"Characterization of non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from children with acute gastroenteritis, Kolkata, India, during 2000\u20132016","volume":"51","author":"Jain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1086\/650733","article-title":"International Collaboration on Enteric Disease \u201cBurden of Illness\u201d Studies. The global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis","volume":"50","author":"Majowicz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-020-00388-z","article-title":"A nineteen-year report of serotype and antimicrobial susceptibility of enteric non-typhoidal Salmonella from humans in Southern India: Changing facades of taxonomy and resistance trend","volume":"12","author":"Jacob","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.13585","article-title":"Non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in children: Review of literature and recommendations for management","volume":"53","author":"Wen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chlebicz, A., and \u015ali\u017cewska, K. (2018). Campylobacteriosis, Salmonellosis, Yersiniosis, and Listeriosis as Zoonotic Foodborne Diseases: A Review. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15050863"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00832","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance Genes, Cassettes, and Plasmids Present in Salmonella enterica Associated With United States Food Animals","volume":"10","author":"McMillan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2020.107478","article-title":"Serotypes, antibiotic resistance, and molecular characterization of non-typhoidal salmonella isolated from diarrheic patients in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, 2014\u20132017","volume":"120","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"280","article-title":"Prevalence of Multidrug Resistance Non-Typhoidal Salmonellae Isolated from Layer Farms and Humans in Egypt","volume":"9","author":"Diab","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.21608\/zvjz.2017.29240","article-title":"Bacteriological and Molecular Characterization of Salmonella Species Isolated from Humans and Chickens in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt","volume":"45","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zagazig Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2020.37.110.24851","article-title":"Antibiogram studies of Escherichia coli and Salmonella species isolated from diarrheal patients attending Malam Mande General Hospital Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria","volume":"37","author":"Adesoji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pan. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pilmis, B., Le Monnier, A., and Zahar, J.-R. (2020). Gut Microbiota, Antibiotic Therapy and Antimicrobial Resistance: A Narrative Review. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8020269"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3535","article-title":"Microbiota-mediated colonization resistance against intestinal pathogens","volume":"13","author":"Buffie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biagi, E., Nylund, L., Candela, M., Ostan, R., Bucci, L., Pini, E., Nikk\u00efla, J., Monti, D., Satokari, R., and Franceschi, C. (2010). Correction: Through Ageing, and Beyond: Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Status in Seniors and Centenarians. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/df45912f-d15c-44ab-8312-e7ec0607604d"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.07.002","article-title":"Recognition of commensal microflora by toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasis","volume":"118","author":"Paglino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.3.409","article-title":"Colonization resistance","volume":"38","author":"Vollaard","year":"1994","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.120.5.805","article-title":"Resistance of the mouse\u2019s intestinal tract to experimental salmonella infection: I. factors which interfere with the initiation of infection by oral inoculation","volume":"120","author":"Bohnhoff","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-019-2728-4","article-title":"Biocontrol yeasts: Mechanisms and applications","volume":"35","author":"Freimoser","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palma, E., Tilocca, B., and Roncada, P. (2020). Antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine: An overview. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21061914"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2016.2228","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Nontyphoidal Salmonella Isolated from Human and Poultry-Related Samples in Brazil: 20-Year Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Potter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of multiple drug-resistant Salmonella and E. coli in table eggs in North India","volume":"11636071","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Noto-Are Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouali, B.E.F., Chiou, T.-H., Chen, J.-W., Lin, I.-C., Liu, C.-C., Chiang, Y.-C., Ho, T.-S., and Wang, H.-V. (2021). Correlation Between Pathogenic Determinants Associated with Clinically Isolated Non-Typhoidal Salmonella. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10010074"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-018-1510-4","article-title":"Virulence Factors in Salmonella Typhimurium: The Sagacity of a Bacterium","volume":"76","author":"Ferrari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.22159\/ajpcr.2018.v11i1.21839","article-title":"Serovar profile and detection of inva virulence gene among non-typhoidal salmonellae serovars isolated from acute gastroenteritis cases in coastal Karnataka, Southern India","volume":"11","author":"Bangera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-017-0095-8","article-title":"Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella from poultry industries in Korea","volume":"70","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ir. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.4014\/mbl.1808.08007","article-title":"Serotype Distribution and Virulence Profile of Salmonella enterica Serovars Isolated from Food Animals and Humans in Lagos Nigeria","volume":"47","author":"Abraham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.25130\/tjps.v24i1.1410","article-title":"Detection of gene stn in some non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. which isolated from patients with diarrhea","volume":"24","author":"Tawfiq","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tikrit J. Pure Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2006.7.1.37","article-title":"Analysis of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis isolated from human and chickens by repetitive sequence-PCR fingerprinting, antibiotic resistance and plasmid profiles","volume":"7","author":"Suh","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.5539\/jmbr.v7n1p34","article-title":"Determination of Isolated Salmonella Bacteria from Infected Animal Husbandry of Malayer City with using Molecular Methods","volume":"7","author":"Khakzad","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-015-0530-z","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Nontyphoidal Salmonella in poultry and poultry products in India: Implications for human health","volume":"55","author":"Saravanan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.03.022","article-title":"Validation of EN ISO 6579-1-Microbiology of the food chain-Horizontal method for the detection, enumeration and serotyping of Salmonella\u2014Part 1 detection of Salmonella spp","volume":"288","author":"Mooijman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antigenic formulae of the Salmonella serovars","volume":"9","author":"Grimont","year":"2007","journal-title":"WHO Collab. Cent. Ref. Res. Salmonella"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"574","article-title":"Single disc versus multiple disc and plate dilution techniques for antibiotic sensitivity testing","volume":"7","author":"Bauer","year":"1959","journal-title":"Antibiot. Annu."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"CLSI (2017). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [26th ed.]. Document M100S."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F., and Maniatis, T. (1989). Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765X.2003.01294.x","article-title":"Evaluation of selective and non-selective enrichment PCR procedures for Salmonella detection","volume":"36","author":"Oliveira","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.8.2269-2275.2001","article-title":"Novel cefotaximase (CTX-M-16) with increased catalytic efficiency due to substitution Asp-240\u2192 Gly","volume":"45","author":"Bonnet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.3.647","article-title":"Evolution of extended-spectrum beta-lactam resistance (SHV-8) in a strain of Escherichia coli during multiple episodes of bacteremia","volume":"41","author":"Rasheed","year":"1997","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.9734\/BMRJ\/2013\/5167","article-title":"Aminoglycoside resistance patterns of certain gram negative uropathogens recovered from hospitalized Egyptian patients","volume":"3","author":"Hamed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. Microbiol. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6823","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/19.24.6823","article-title":"Distribution of repetitive DNA sequences in eubacteria and application to finerpriting of bacterial enomes","volume":"19","author":"Versalovic","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.28.9.1903-1905.1990","article-title":"Reproducibility and indices of discriminatory power of microbial typing methods","volume":"28","author":"Hunter","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/10\/5\/493\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:52:45Z","timestamp":1760161965000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/10\/5\/493"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics10050493"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics10050493","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]]}}}