{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:31:41Z","timestamp":1787027501797,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There are no studies on Candida colonization and micropeptides of saliva in any patient. Therefore, we studied the effects of the salivary antimicrobial peptide histatin 5 on oral fungal colonization; subjects were subdivided into Down syndrome (D) and normal (N) groups by age: N-1 and D-1, age &lt;20 years; N-2 and D-2, age &gt;40 years. Histatin 5 concentration in saliva was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Oral Candida species were identified using CHROMagar Candida. Candida colonization was significantly enhanced in the D-1 and D-2 groups compared to the N-1 and N-2 groups. There was no predominant difference in salivary histatin 5 concentration between the D-1 and N-1 groups, but it was significantly lower in the D-2 group than in the N-2 group. Only in the N-2 group was there a correlation between the concentration of histatin 5 and total protein, while no correlation was found in the other groups. In elderly patients with Down syndrome, the decrease in histatin 5 shown in this study may lead to oral Candida colony formation. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that a deficiency of the antimicrobial peptide histatin 5 could possibly induce oral Candida infection in DS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10050494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T22:21:57Z","timestamp":1619475717000},"page":"494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Association between Antimicrobial Peptide Histatin 5 Levels and Prevalence of Candida in Saliva of Patients with Down Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Tomoko","family":"Komatsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry for the Special Patient, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan"},{"name":"Yokosuka-Shonan Disaster Health, Emergency Research Center, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyoko","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Microbiology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobushiro","family":"Hamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Microbiology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Helmerhorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Oppenheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8728-8040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaichi Chang-il","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yokosuka-Shonan Disaster Health, Emergency Research Center, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Disaster Related Oral Health, Oxidative Stress\/ESR Laboratories, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"256","article-title":"Mongolism; a chromosomal disease (trisomy)","volume":"143","author":"Lejeune","year":"1959","journal-title":"Bull. Acad. Natl. 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