{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:36:30Z","timestamp":1787315790066,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000156","name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec - Sant\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["283368"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["283368"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012779","name":"R\u00e9seau Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois de Recherche sur les M\u00e9dicaments","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-Axe biopharmacie et pharmacom\u00e9trie"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-Axe biopharmacie et pharmacom\u00e9trie"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012779","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Although aminoglycosides are often used as treatment for Gram-negative infections, optimal dosing regimens remain unclear, especially in ICU patients. This is due to a large between- and within-subject variability in the aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics in this population. Objective: This review provides comprehensive data on the pharmacokinetics of aminoglycosides in patients hospitalized in the ICU by summarizing all published PopPK models in ICU patients for amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. The objective was to determine the presence of a consensus on the structural model used, significant covariates included, and therapeutic targets considered during dosing regimen simulations. Method: A literature search was conducted in the Medline\/PubMed database, using the terms: \u2018amikacin\u2019, \u2018gentamicin\u2019, \u2018tobramycin\u2019, \u2018pharmacokinetic(s)\u2019, \u2018nonlinear mixed effect\u2019, \u2018population\u2019, \u2018intensive care\u2019, and \u2018critically ill\u2019. Results: Nineteen articles were retained where amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin pharmacokinetics were described in six, 11, and five models, respectively. A two-compartment model was used to describe amikacin and tobramycin pharmacokinetics, whereas a one-compartment model majorly described gentamicin pharmacokinetics. The most recurrent significant covariates were renal clearance and bodyweight. Across all aminoglycosides, mean interindividual variability in clearance and volume of distribution were 41.6% and 22.0%, respectively. A common consensus for an optimal dosing regimen for each aminoglycoside was not reached. Conclusions: This review showed models developed for amikacin, from 2015 until now, and for gentamicin and tobramycin from the past decades. Despite the growing challenges of external evaluation, the latter should be more considered during model development. Further research including new covariates, additional simulated dosing regimens, and external validation should be considered to better understand aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics in ICU patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10050507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T10:30:41Z","timestamp":1619692241000},"page":"507","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Aminoglycosides in the Intensive Care Unit: What Is New in Population PK Modeling?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Duong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Suivi Th\u00e9rapeutique Pharmacologique et Pharmacocin\u00e9tique, Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantale","family":"Simard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Qu\u00e9bec, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi Le","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Suivi Th\u00e9rapeutique Pharmacologique et Pharmacocin\u00e9tique, Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"},{"name":"H\u00f4pital Sacr\u00e9-C\u0153ur de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC H4J 1C5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9303-8862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00e9lie","family":"Marsot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Suivi Th\u00e9rapeutique Pharmacologique et Pharmacocin\u00e9tique, Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche, CHU Sainte Justine, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a027029","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a027029","article-title":"Aminoglycosides: An Overview","volume":"6","author":"Krause","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. 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