{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T18:27:47Z","timestamp":1788805667307,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,2]],"date-time":"2021-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a leading cause of morbidity for both males and females. The overconsumption of antibiotics in general medicine, veterinary, or agriculture has led to a spike in drug-resistant microorganisms; obtaining standardized results is imposed by standard definitions for various categories of drug-resistant bacteria\u2014such as multiple-drug resistant (MDR), extensive drug-resistant (XDR), and pan drug-resistant (PDR). This retrospective study conducted in three university teaching hospitals in Romania has analyzed urine probes from 15,231 patients, of which 698 (4.58%) presented multidrug-resistant strains. Escherichia coli was the leading uropathogen 283 (40.54%), presenting the highest resistance to quinolones (R = 72.08%) and penicillin (R = 66.78%) with the most important patterns of resistance for penicillin, sulfonamides, and quinolones (12.01%) and aminoglycosides, aztreonam, cephalosporins, and quinolones (9.89%). Klebsiella spp. followed\u2014260 (37.24%) with the highest resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanate (R = 94.61%) and cephalosporins (R = 94.23%); the leading patterns were observed for aminoglycosides, aminopenicillins + \u03b2-lactams inhibitor, sulfonamides, and cephalosporins (12.69%) and aminoglycosides, aztreonam, cephalosporins, quinolones (9.23%). The insufficient research of MDR strains on the Romanian population is promoting these findings as an important tool for any clinician treating MDR-UTIs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10050523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,2]],"date-time":"2021-05-02T08:05:21Z","timestamp":1619942721000},"page":"523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Heterogeneity of Antibiotics Multidrug-Resistance Profile of Uropathogens in Romanian Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4496-1535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u0103zvan-Cosmin","family":"Petca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Urology, \u201cProf. Dr. Th. Burghele\u201d Clinical Hospital, 20 Panduri Str., 050659 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9384-6870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvius","family":"Negoi\u021b\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Elias University Hospital, 17 Marasti Blvd., 011461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1005-7388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Mare\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Urology, \u201cProf. Dr. Th. Burghele\u201d Clinical Hospital, 20 Panduri Str., 050659 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4890-0978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aida","family":"Petca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Elias University Hospital, 17 Marasti Blvd., 011461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6614-2816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u0103zvan-Ionu\u021b","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Urology, \u201cProf. Dr. Th. Burghele\u201d Clinical Hospital, 20 Panduri Str., 050659 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u0103lin Bogdan","family":"Chibelean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu-Mures, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Str., 540139 Targu-Mures, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Mure\u0219 County Hospital, 1st Gheorghe Marinescu Str., 540136 Targu-Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofw281","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw281","article-title":"The increase in hospitalizations for urinary tract infections and the associated costs in the United States, 1998\u20132011","volume":"4","author":"Simmering","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. 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