{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T17:08:14Z","timestamp":1793725694364,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This research was funded by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from Ministry of Agriculture and rural development, Vietnam","award":["\u0110TKHCN.WB.11\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u0110TKHCN.WB.11\/20"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05ep65r25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study aims to evaluate the infection prevalence, virulence gene distribution and antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila associated in diseased outbreaks of cultured freshwater fish in Northern Vietnam. The confirmed A. hydrophila were screened for the presence of the five pitutative-virulence genes including aerolysin (aerA), hemolysin (hlyA), cytotonic enterotoxin (act), heat-labile cytotonic enterotoxin (alt), and heat-stable enterotoxin (ast), and examined the susceptibility to 16 antibiotics. A total of 236 A. hydrophila isolates were recovered and confirmed from 506 diseased fish by phenotypic tests, PCR assays, and gyrB, rpoB sequenced analyses, corresponding to the infection prevalence at 46.4%. A total of 88.9% of A. hydrophila isolates harbored at least one of the tested virulence genes. The genes aerA and act were most frequently found (80.5% and 80.1%, respectively) while the ast gene was absent in all isolates. The resistance to oxacillin, amoxicillin and vancomycin exhibited the highest frequencies (&gt;70%), followed by erythromycin, oxytetracycline, florfenicol, and sulfamethoxazole\/trimethoprim (9.3\u201347.2%). The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index ranged between 0.13\u20130.88 with 74.7% of the isolates having MAR values higher than 0.2. The results present a warning for aquaculture farmers and managers in preventing the spread of A. hydrophila and minimizing antibiotic resistance of this pathogen in fish farming systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10050532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T11:06:01Z","timestamp":1620212761000},"page":"532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Prevalence, Virulence Gene Distribution and Alarming the Multidrug Resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila Associated with Disease Outbreaks in Freshwater Aquaculture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2600-0984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doan Thi","family":"Nhinh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Fisheries, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 131004, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8467-8174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dung Viet","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Fisheries, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 131004, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim Van","family":"Van","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Fisheries, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 131004, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Thi","family":"Huong Giang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 131004, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7448-172X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lua Thi","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Aquaculture No 1, Bac Ninh 16352, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2271-849X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Truong Dinh","family":"Hoai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Fisheries, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 131004, Vietnam"},{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burnell, G., and Allan, G. 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