{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:40:58Z","timestamp":1792802458841,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005869","name":"Universit\u00e9 de Fribourg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005869","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. The aim of the present study was to prospectively evaluate the prevalence of intestinal carriage of colistin-resistant and extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales among pigs from a Swiss farm attending an animal health and antibiotic stewardship program and to determine the associated mechanisms of resistance. Materials\/Methods. Eighty-one fecal samples were recovered and screened for either \u03b2-lactam-resistant, colistin-resistant, or aminoglycoside-resistant Enterobacterales, using respective screening media. All recovered isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility and their clonal relationship (PFGE and MLST). Plasmid typing was performed by plasmid-based replicon typing (PBRT). Resistance genes were searched by PCR and sequencing. Results. A total of 38 ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and a single ESBL-producing Enterobacter cloacae were recovered from 81 pigs, corresponding to a prevalence of 50%, no other \u03b2-lactamase producer being identified. Among the 38 ESBL-producing E. coli, all belonged to sequence type (ST) ST10, except two ST34 and ST744 isolates. Among the ST10-blaCTX-M-1 isolates, three subclones (n = 22, n = 13, and n = 1, respectively) were identified according to the PFGE analysis. The most commonly identified IncI1 plasmid harboring the blaCTX-M-1 gene was 143 kb in size and coharbored other resistance genes. Only three colistin-resistant Enterobacterales isolates were recovered, namely two Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates and a single E. cloacae isolate. Screening for the plasmid-borne mcr-1 to mcr-9 genes in these three isolates gave negative results. The two K. pneumoniae isolates were clonally related, belonged to ST76, and harbored a truncated mgrB chromosomal gene being the source of colistin resistance. Conclusion. A high prevalence of fecal carriage of ESBL-producing E. coli was found, being mainly caused by the spread of a clonal lineage within the farm. By contrast, a low prevalence of colistin-resistant Enterobacterales was found.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10050574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T11:10:06Z","timestamp":1620904206000},"page":"574","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Does an Antibiotic Stewardship Applied in a Pig Farm Lead to Low ESBL Prevalence?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4654-4022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudine","family":"Fournier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical and Molecular Microbiology Unit, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1343-1622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrice","family":"Nordmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM European Unit (IAME, France), University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss National Reference Center for Emerging Antibiotic Resistance (NARA), University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute for Microbiology, University Hospital Centre, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2057-1930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Pittet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Institute of the Canton of Fribourg, Grangeneuve, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5160-5286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurent","family":"Poirel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM European Unit (IAME, France), University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss National Reference Center for Emerging Antibiotic Resistance (NARA), University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31027-8","article-title":"Reconnecting for our future: The Lancet One Health commission","volume":"395","author":"Amusi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"One Health\u2014Its importance in helping to better control antimicrobial resistance","volume":"4","author":"Colligon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop. 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