{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T23:05:32Z","timestamp":1787871932560,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is an urgent need for the development of new antibiotics. Here, we describe the inhibitory activity of new quinone compounds against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC\u00ae 43300), methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (ATCC\u00ae 29213), and two clinical isolates from Chile (ISP-213 and ISP-214). We observed 99.9% reduction in viability within 2 h of exposure without the cultures exhibiting any post-antibiotic effect, which was twice the kinetics to that observed with vancomycin. These clinical isolates did not acquire resistance to these quinone derivatives during the course of our study. We found that these compounds protected larvae of the greater wax moth, sp. Galleria mellonella, from infection by these MRSA clinical strains as effectively as vancomycin. These quinone derivatives are potential drug candidates worth further development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10060614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T13:15:15Z","timestamp":1621602915000},"page":"614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["New Quinone Antibiotics against Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7358-409X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Campanini-Salinas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Development Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical, Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago 8380492, Chile"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Lago Panguipulli 1390, Puerto Montt 5501842, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Andrades-Lagos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Development Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical, Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago 8380492, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00e1s","family":"Hinojosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Development Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical, Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago 8380492, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabi\u00e1n","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Development Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical, Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago 8380492, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Alarc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agents of Bacterial Meningitis Laboratory, Instituto de Salud P\u00fablica de Chile, Santiago 7780050, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2351-1236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Agentes Antibacterianos (LIAA), Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"},{"name":"Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Av. Las Condes 12.438, Lo Barnechea, Regi\u00f3n Metropolitana, Santiago 8320000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian E.","family":"Burbulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Sede de la Patagonia, Lago Panguipulli 1390, Puerto Montt 5501842, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Ave., Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0635-4857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"V\u00e1squez-Vel\u00e1squez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Development Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical, Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago 8380492, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-019-01415-5","article-title":"Critical importance of a one health approach to antimicrobial resistance","volume":"16","author":"White","year":"2019","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"O\u2019neill, J. (2014). Antimicrobial Resistance: Tackling a Crisis for the Health and Wealth of Nations, Wellcome Trust. Review Paper."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/595011","article-title":"Bad bugs, no drugs: No ESKAPE! An update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"48","author":"Boucher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2014). Antimicrobial Resistance: Global Report on Surveillance, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1868","article-title":"Past, present, and future of antibacterial economics: Increasing bacterial resistance, limited antibiotic pipeline, and societal implications","volume":"37","author":"Luepke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00030-10","article-title":"Challenges of antibacterial discovery","volume":"24","author":"Silver","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1188","article-title":"Novel classes of antibacterial drugs in clinical development, a hope in a post-antibiotic era","volume":"18","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2017.124","article-title":"Incentivising innovation in antibiotic drug discovery and development: Progress, challenges and next steps","volume":"70","author":"Simpkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.4103\/jms.jms_25_17","article-title":"World health organization releases global priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to guide research, discovery, and development of new antibiotics","volume":"32","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"482","article-title":"Experimental Studies on Chemotherapy of Malignant Growth Employing Yoshida Sarcoma Animals XI. Effect of quinone derivatives, antibiotics, alkaloids, organoarsen, and other miscellaneous compounds","volume":"46","author":"Ishidate","year":"1955","journal-title":"Gan"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"947","article-title":"The effect of a combination of phenanthroline quinone plus iodochlorhydroxyquinoline in the prevention of dysvitaminosis caused by antibiotics","volume":"57","author":"Resegotti","year":"1966","journal-title":"Minerva Med."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1162","article-title":"Polysomes in Bacillus subitilis: Influence of amino quinones and quinone antibiotics on the synthesis and stability of mRNA","volume":"350","author":"Wanke","year":"1969","journal-title":"Hoppe-Seyler\u2019s Z. Physiol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.37.693","article-title":"Sakyomicins. A, B, C and D: New quinone-type antibiotics produced by a strain of nocardia taxonomy, production, isolation and biological properties","volume":"37","author":"Nagasawa","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campanini-Salinas, J., Andrades-Lagos, J., Gonz\u00e1lez-Rocha, G., Choquesillo-Lazarte, D., Dragnic, S.B., Fa\u00fandez, M., Alarc\u00f3n, P., Silva, F., Vidal, R., and Salas-Huenuleo, E. (2018). A new kind of quinonic-antibiotic useful against multidrug-resistant S. aureus and E. faecium infections. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23071776"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr198","article-title":"Wax moth larva (Galleria mellonella): An in vivo model for assessing the efficacy of antistaphylococcal agents","volume":"66","author":"Desbois","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394805-2.00002-6","article-title":"Utility of greater wax moth larva (Galleria mellonella) for evaluating the toxicity and efficacy of new antimicrobial agents","volume":"78","author":"Desbois","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2015.1135289","article-title":"Galleria mellonella infection models for the study of bacterial diseases and for antimicrobial drug testing","volume":"7","author":"Tsai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2019.1621649","article-title":"Galleria mellonella as a consolidated in vivo model hosts: New developments in antibacterial strategies and novel drug testing","volume":"10","author":"Cutuli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3534","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00230-11","article-title":"In vivo efficacy of glycopeptide-colistin combination therapies in a Galleria mellonella model of Acinetobacter baumannii infection","volume":"55","author":"Hornsey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ftaa059","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftaa059","article-title":"Utilising Galleria mellonella larvae for studying in vivo activity of conventional and novel antimicrobial agents","volume":"78","author":"Piatek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-4399(91)90030-Y","article-title":"The postantibiotic effect","volume":"13","author":"Craig","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Newsl."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.21741\/9781644900314-9","article-title":"Glycerol as a Green Solvent in Organic Reactions","volume":"54","author":"Srivastava","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Found."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niazi, S.K. (2019). Handbook of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Formulations: Volume Four, Semisolid Products, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315102856"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.01.175","article-title":"Galleria mellonella larvae allow the discrimination of toxic and non-toxic chemicals","volume":"198","author":"Allegra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-0691.2004.1004.x","article-title":"The need for new antibiotics","volume":"10","author":"Livermore","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j4339","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j4339","article-title":"Few novel antibiotics in the pipeline, WHO warns","volume":"358","author":"Kmietowicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.6.2398-2402.2004","article-title":"Relationship of MIC and bactericidal activity to efficacy of vancomycin for treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia","volume":"42","author":"Sakoulas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S191","DOI":"10.1086\/519470","article-title":"Limitations of vancomycin in the management of resistant staphylococcal infections","volume":"45","author":"Kollef","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Mandell, G.L., Douglas, R.G., and Bennett, J.E. (2014). Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Goodman, L.S. (1996). Goodman and Gilman\u2019s the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02389870","article-title":"Pharmacodynamics of antimicrobial agents as a basis for determining dosage regimens","volume":"12","author":"Craig","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2011.07.005","article-title":"Beyond serial passages: New methods for predicting the emergence of resistance to novel antibiotics","volume":"11","author":"Baquero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.4.1581-1585.2006","article-title":"Induction of daptomycin heterogeneous susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus by exposure to vancomycin","volume":"50","author":"Sakoulas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3118","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00183-09","article-title":"Resistance selection studies comparing the activity of razupenem (PTZ601) to vancomycin and linezolid against eight methicillin-resistant and two methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus strains","volume":"53","author":"Clark","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramarao, N., Nielsen-Leroux, C., and Lereclus, D. (2012). The insect Galleria mellonella as a powerful infection model to investigate bacterial pathogenesis. J. Vis. Exp., 70.","DOI":"10.3791\/4392"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.25906","article-title":"An analysis of the structural and functional similarities of insect hemocytes and mammalian phagocytes","volume":"4","author":"Browne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harding, C.R., Schroeder, G.N., Collins, J.W., and Frankel, G. (2013). Use of Galleria mellonella as a model organism to study Legionella pneumophila infection. J. Vis. Exp., 81.","DOI":"10.3791\/50964-v"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.6.1307","article-title":"Pharmacodynamic evaluation of a new glycopeptide, LY333328, and in vitro activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium","volume":"41","author":"Mercier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.6.1799-1802.2001","article-title":"Resistance studies with daptomycin","volume":"45","author":"Silverman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"CLSI (2009). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobi-Cally, Approved Standard, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4612","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02790-13","article-title":"Activity of daptomycin or linezolid in combination with rifampin or gentamicin against biofilm-forming Enterococcus faecalis or E. faecium in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model using simulated endocardial vegetations and an in vivo survival assay using Galleria mellonella larvae","volume":"58","author":"Luther","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"2269","article-title":"Synthetic epidermicin NI01 can protect Galleria mellonella larvae from infection with Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"68","author":"Gibreel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/10\/6\/614\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:05:12Z","timestamp":1760162712000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/10\/6\/614"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics10060614"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics10060614","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]}}}