{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:04:04Z","timestamp":1760234644705,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the recent development of antibacterials that are active against multidrug-resistant pathogens, drug combinations are often necessary to optimize the killing of difficult-to-treat organisms. Antimicrobial combinations typically are composed of multiple agents that are active against the target organism; however, many studies have investigated the potential utility of combinations that consist of one or more antibacterials that individually are incapable of killing the relevant pathogen. The current review summarizes in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies that evaluate combinations that include at least one drug that is not active individually against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, or Staphylococcus aureus. Polymyxins were often included in combinations against all three of the Gram-negative pathogens, and carbapenems were commonly incorporated into combinations against K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii. Minocycline, sulbactam, and rifampin were also frequently investigated in combinations against A. baumannii, whereas the addition of ceftaroline or another \u03b2-lactam to vancomycin or daptomycin showed promise against S. aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin or daptomycin. Although additional clinical studies are needed to define the optimal combination against specific drug-resistant pathogens, the large amount of in vitro and in vivo studies available in the literature may provide some guidance on the rational design of antibacterial combinations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10060646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T11:33:20Z","timestamp":1622201600000},"page":"646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Losing the Battle but Winning the War: Can Defeated Antibacterials Form Alliances to Combat Drug-Resistant Pathogens?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0623-3978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Song","family":"Oh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"Chau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anh T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2570-7593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin R.","family":"Lenhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"345","article-title":"Treatment options for carbapenem-resistant gram-negative infections","volume":"115","author":"Fritzenwanker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S565","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz830","article-title":"Treatment Options for carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections","volume":"69","author":"Doi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control (2021, May 13). Biggest Threats and Data, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/drugresistance\/biggest-threats.html."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2209","article-title":"International Consensus Guidelines for the Optimal Use of the Polymyxins: Endorsed by the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP), European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), International Society for Anti-infective Pharmacology (ISAP), Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists (SIDP)","volume":"39","author":"Tsuji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw282","article-title":"The epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae: The impact and evolution of a global menace","volume":"215","author":"Logan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"325","article-title":"Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections","volume":"409","author":"David","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2005.10.012","article-title":"In vitro activities of non-traditional antimicrobials alone or in combination against multidrug-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from intensive care units","volume":"27","author":"Timurkaynak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1179\/joc.2004.16.3.282","article-title":"Microbiological activity and clinical efficacy of a colistin and rifampin combination in multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections","volume":"16","author":"Tascini","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg478","article-title":"In vitro effects of combinations of antipseudomonal agents against seven strains of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"52","author":"Oie","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mullane, E.M., Avery, L.M., and Nicolau, D.P. (2020). Comparative Evaluation of the In Vitro Activities of WCK 5222 (Cefepime-Zidebactam) and Combination Antibiotic Therapies against Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 64.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01669-19"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rico Caballero, V., Almarzoky Abuhussain, S., Kuti, J.L., and Nicolau, D.P. (2018). Efficacy of Human-Simulated Exposures of Ceftolozane-Tazobactam Alone and in Combination with Amikacin or Colistin against Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 62.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02384-17"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx483","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of ceftolozane\/tazobactam alone and in combination with other antimicrobial agents against MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"73","author":"Monogue","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9098","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45550-z","article-title":"Dual \u03b2-lactam combination therapy for multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection: Enhanced efficacy in vivo and comparison with monotherapies of penicillin-binding protein inhibition","volume":"9","author":"Siriyong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn530","article-title":"Efficacy of colistin combination therapy in a mouse model of pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"63","author":"Aoki","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1179\/joc.2006.18.6.648","article-title":"Clinical and microbiological efficacy of colistin therapy alone or in combination as treatment for multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa diabetic foot infections with or without osteomyelitis","volume":"18","author":"Tascini","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"3357","article-title":"Osteoarticular infection caused by MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa: The benefits of combination therapy with colistin plus \u03b2-lactams","volume":"70","author":"Ribera","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1159\/000449367","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo Pharmacodynamics of Colistin and Aztreonam Alone and in Combination against Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"62","author":"Yamagishi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, R., Bulitta, J.B., Wang, J., Nation, R.L., and Landersdorfer, C.B. (2017). Evaluation of Pharmacokinetic\/Pharmacodynamic Model-Based Optimized Combination Regimens against Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Murine Thigh Infection Model by Using Humanized Dosing Schemes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 61.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01268-17"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6575","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00494-15","article-title":"Polymyxin B in Combination with Antimicrobials Lacking In Vitro Activity versus Polymyxin B in Monotherapy in Critically Ill Patients with Acinetobacter baumannii or Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections","volume":"59","author":"Rigatto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0683-2","article-title":"Prolonged use of carbapenems and colistin predisposes to ventilator-associated pneumonia by pandrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"33","author":"Mentzelopoulos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falagas, M.E., Bliziotis, I.A., Kasiakou, S.K., Samonis, G., Athanassopoulou, P., and Michalopoulos, A. (2005). Outcome of infections due to pandrug-resistant (PDR) Gram-negative bacteria. BMC Infect. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-5-24"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olsson, A., Wistrand-Yuen, P., Nielsen, E.I., Friberg, L.E., Sandegren, L., Lagerb\u00e4ck, P., and T\u00e4ngd\u00e9n, T. (2020). Efficacy of Antibiotic Combinations against Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Automated Time-Lapse Microscopy and Static Time-Kill Experiments. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 64.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02111-19"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit223","article-title":"Effect of adequate single-drug vs combination antimicrobial therapy on mortality in Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infections: A post Hoc analysis of a prospective cohort","volume":"57","author":"Suarez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01559.x","article-title":"Effectiveness and nephrotoxicity of colistin monotherapy vs. colistin-meropenem combination therapy for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections","volume":"12","author":"Falagas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"2418","article-title":"Comparison of mono- and combination antibiotic therapy for the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia: A cumulative meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"15","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51711-x","article-title":"Monotherapy versus combination therapy for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schmid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e169","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1478","article-title":"Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidance on the Treatment of Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-lactamase Producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E), Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales (CRE), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with Difficult-to-Treat Resistance (DTR-P. aeruginosa)","volume":"72","author":"Tamma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2016.36.2.138","article-title":"In Vitro Synergistic Effects of Antimicrobial Combinations on Extensively Drug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii isolates","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, T.P., Lee, W., Tan, T.Y., Sasikala, S., Teo, J., Hsu, L.Y., Tan, T.T., Syahidah, N., and Kwa, A.L. (2011). Effective antibiotics in combination against extreme drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa with decreased susceptibility to polymyxin B. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028177"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"271","article-title":"Pandrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: A systematic review of current epidemiology, prognosis and treatment options","volume":"75","author":"Karakonstantis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz257","article-title":"Efficacy of colistin alone and in various combinations for the treatment of experimental osteomyelitis due to carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"74","author":"Dinh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky422","article-title":"Triple combination of meropenem, colistin and tigecycline was bactericidal in a dynamic model despite mere additive interactions in chequerboard assays against carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates","volume":"74","author":"Tsala","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.08.019","article-title":"Effect of combination therapy containing a high-dose carbapenem on mortality in patients with carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infection","volume":"51","author":"Giannella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx070","article-title":"Pharmacodynamics of colistin and fosfomycin: A \u2019treasure trove\u2019 combination combats KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"72","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diep, J.K., Sharma, R., Ellis-Grosse, E.J., Abboud, C.S., and Rao, G.G. (2018). Evaluation of Activity and Emergence of Resistance of Polymyxin B and ZTI-01 (Fosfomycin for Injection) against KPC-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 62.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01815-17"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2197","article-title":"Evaluation Strategies for Triple-Drug Combinations against Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella Pneumoniae in an In Vitro Hollow-Fiber Infection Model","volume":"109","author":"Garcia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2019.10.014","article-title":"In vivo study assessed meropenem and amikacin combination therapy against carbapenem-resistant and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae strains","volume":"26","author":"Hagihara","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diep, J.K., Jacobs, D.M., Sharma, R., Covelli, J., Bowers, D.R., Russo, T.A., and Rao, G.G. (2017). Polymyxin B in Combination with Rifampin and Meropenem against Polymyxin B-Resistant KPC-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 61.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02121-16"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1256","article-title":"In pursuit of the triple crown: Mechanism-based pharmacodynamic modelling for the optimization of three-drug combinations against KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"26","author":"Onufrak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Publ. Eur. Soc. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6028","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00891-13","article-title":"Activity of Tigecycline in combination with Colistin, Meropenem, Rifampin, or Gentamicin against KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae in a murine thigh infection model","volume":"57","author":"Michail","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3002","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01420-10","article-title":"Double-carbapenem therapy for carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"55","author":"Bulik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-017-1769-z","article-title":"Double carbapenem as a rescue strategy for the treatment of severe carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae infections: A two-center, matched case-control study","volume":"21","author":"Martucci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785696","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2785696","article-title":"Role of Double-Carbapenem Regimen in the Treatment of Infections due to Carbapenemase Producing Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae: A Single-Center, Observational Study","volume":"2018","author":"Cancelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03639-14","article-title":"In vitro pharmacodynamics of various antibiotics in combination against extensively drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"59","author":"Lim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2015.07.019","article-title":"The combination of colistin and fosfomycin is synergistic against NDM-1-producing Enterobacteriaceae in in vitro pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic model experiments","volume":"46","author":"Albur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bulman, Z.P., Chen, L., Walsh, T.J., Satlin, M.J., Qian, Y., Bulitta, J.B., Peloquin, C.A., Holden, P.N., Nation, R.L., and Li, J. (2017). Polymyxin Combinations Combat Escherichia coli Harboring mcr-1 and blaNDM-5: Preparation for a Postantibiotic Era. mBio, 8.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00540-17"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.10.031","article-title":"Activity of tigecycline alone and in combination with colistin and meropenem against Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing Enterobacteriaceae strains by time-kill assay","volume":"37","author":"Pournaras","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533209","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.533209","article-title":"In vitro Synergistic Activity of Antimicrobial Combinations Against bla (KPC) and bla (NDM)-Producing Enterobacterales With bla (IMP) or mcr Genes","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-019-01274-w","article-title":"Antagonistic effect between tigecycline and meropenem: Successful management of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae infection","volume":"47","author":"Bi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv294","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of dual carbapenem combinations against carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"71","author":"Poirel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2019.0126","article-title":"Study of In Vitro Synergistic Bactericidal Activity of Dual \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics Against KPC-2-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2018.0397","article-title":"In Vitro Effectiveness of Meropenem and Cefmetazole Combination Treatment Against KPC-2-Producing Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"25","author":"Hagiya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028018790573","article-title":"Critical Review of Double-Carbapenem Therapy for the Treatment of Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"53","author":"Mashni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4128","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03099-15","article-title":"Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of the Potential Clinical Utility of Fosfomycin and Meropenem in Combination Therapy against KPC-2-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"60","author":"Albiero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1213476","article-title":"Meropenem for treating KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections: Should we get to the PK\/PD root of the paradox?","volume":"8","author":"Giacobbe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000725","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of double-carbapenem combinations against OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates using time-kill studies","volume":"67","author":"Galani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-020-00727-4","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of double carbapenem and colistin combinations against OXA-48, NDM carbapenemase-producing colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains","volume":"9","author":"Erdem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/1120009X.2020.1745501","article-title":"In vitro synergistic activity of fosfomycin in combination with meropenem, amikacin and colistin against OXA-48 and\/or NDM-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"32","author":"Soyletir","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2013.04.004","article-title":"In vitro activity of fosfomycin in combination with imipenem, meropenem, colistin and tigecycline against OXA 48-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae strains","volume":"76","author":"Evren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Fso461","DOI":"10.2144\/fsoa-2019-0074","article-title":"Synergistic activity of fosfomycin-meropenem and fosfomycin-colistin against carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: An in vitro evidence","volume":"6","author":"Bakthavatchalam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Sci. OA"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw353","article-title":"Management of Adults With Hospital-acquired and Ventilator-associated Pneumonia: 2016 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society","volume":"63","author":"Kalil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"e000306","article-title":"Emergence, molecular mechanisms and global spread of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"5","author":"Hamidian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-019-1055-2","article-title":"Cefiderocol: A Siderophore Cephalosporin with Activity Against Carbapenem-Resistant and Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli","volume":"79","author":"Zhanel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/1120009X.2016.1143261","article-title":"Determination of synergy between sulbactam, meropenem and colistin in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii isolates and correlation with the molecular mechanism of resistance","volume":"28","author":"Laishram","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/1120009X.2020.1764282","article-title":"The efficacy of colistin monotherapy versus combination therapy with other antimicrobials against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ST2 isolates","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliva, A., Garzoli, S., De Angelis, M., Marzuillo, C., Vullo, V., Mastroianni, C.M., and Ragno, R. (2019). In-Vitro Evaluation of Different Antimicrobial Combinations with and without Colistin Against Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24050886"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.11.002","article-title":"The detection of synergy between meropenem and polymyxin B against meropenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii using Etest and time-kill assay","volume":"63","author":"Pankey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00209","article-title":"In vitro Evaluation of the Colistin-Carbapenem Combination in Clinical Isolates of A. baumannii Using the Checkerboard, Etest, and Time-Kill Curve Techniques","volume":"7","author":"Soudeiha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2017.1296183","article-title":"Assessment of early combination effects of colistin and meropenem against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii in dynamic time-kill experiments","volume":"49","author":"Karvanen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.036939-0","article-title":"In vitro time-kill studies of antimicrobial agents against blood isolates of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, including colistin- or tigecycline-resistant isolates","volume":"61","author":"Peck","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3148","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw293","article-title":"Polymyxin B in combination with doripenem against heteroresistant Acinetobacter baumannii: Pharmacodynamics of new dosing strategies","volume":"71","author":"Rao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bian, X., Liu, X., Chen, Y., Chen, D., Li, J., and Zhang, J. (2019). Dose Optimization of Colistin Combinations against Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii from Patients with Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia in China by Using an In Vitro Pharmacokinetic\/Pharmacodynamic Model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 63.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01989-18"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.07.024","article-title":"Comparative pharmacodynamics of four different carbapenems in combination with polymyxin B against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"48","author":"Lenhard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw355","article-title":"High-intensity meropenem combinations with polymyxin B: New strategies to overcome carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"72","author":"Lenhard","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-014-2070-6","article-title":"Comparison of colistin-carbapenem, colistin-sulbactam, and colistin plus other antibacterial agents for the treatment of extremely drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infections","volume":"33","author":"Batirel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. Publ. Eur. Soc. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30099-9","article-title":"Colistin alone versus colistin plus meropenem for treatment of severe infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: An open-label, randomised controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy988","article-title":"Treatment Outcomes of Colistin- and Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Infections: An Exploratory Subgroup Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"69","author":"Dickstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-019-0706-5","article-title":"Multidrug Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: Resistance by Any Other Name Would Still be Hard to Treat","volume":"21","author":"Butler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.6195","article-title":"Colistin alone or combined with sulbactam or carbapenem against A. baumannii in ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"9","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, B., Guan, J., Wang, X., and Cong, Y. (2016). Activity of Colistin in Combination with Meropenem, Tigecycline, Fosfomycin, Fusidic Acid, Rifampin or Sulbactam against Extensively Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a Murine Thigh-Infection Model. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157757"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"67","article-title":"Antimicrobial efficacy of doripenem and its combinations with sulbactam, amikacin, colistin, tigecycline in experimental sepsis of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"38","author":"Dinc","year":"2015","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2014.02.015","article-title":"Synergistic efficacy of meropenem and rifampicin in a murine model of sepsis caused by multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"729","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00367-09","article-title":"Efficacy of rifampin and its combinations with imipenem, sulbactam, and colistin in experimental models of infection caused by imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"54","author":"Pichardo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh485","article-title":"Antibiotic combinations for serious infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a mouse pneumonia model","volume":"54","author":"Montero","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1159\/000356755","article-title":"Efficacy of sulbactam and its combination with imipenem, colistin and tigecycline in an experimental model of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii sepsis","volume":"59","author":"Dinc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-013-0495-y","article-title":"Comparison of colistin and colistin\/sulbactam for the treatment of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"42","author":"Kalin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106271","article-title":"Enhanced bacterial killing with colistin\/sulbactam combination against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"57","author":"Bian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04110-14","article-title":"Assessment of minocycline and polymyxin B combination against Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"59","author":"Bowers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4047","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02994-15","article-title":"In Vivo and In Vitro Efficacy of Minocycline-Based Combination Therapy for Minocycline-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"60","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit253","article-title":"Colistin and rifampicin compared with colistin alone for the treatment of serious infections due to extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: A multicenter, randomized clinical trial","volume":"57","author":"Signoriello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1159\/000356004","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and safety of the combination of colistin plus vancomycin for the treatment of severe infections caused by carbapenem-resistant. Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"59","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3109\/23744235.2015.1103894","article-title":"In vivo activity of vancomycin combined with colistin against multidrug-resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii in a Galleria mellonella model","volume":"48","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2012.11.013","article-title":"In vivo efficacy of telavancin\/colistin combination therapy in a Galleria mellonella model of Acinetobacter baumannii infection","volume":"41","author":"Hornsey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3534","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00230-11","article-title":"In vivo efficacy of glycopeptide-colistin combination therapies in a Galleria mellonella model of Acinetobacter baumannii infection","volume":"55","author":"Hornsey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2019-0022","article-title":"Colistin-glycopeptide combinations against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a mouse model of pneumonia","volume":"14","author":"Sanderink","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02501-12","article-title":"Activities of vancomycin-containing regimens against colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical strains","volume":"57","author":"Ambe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.10.024","article-title":"Daptomycin as adjunctive treatment for experimental infection by Acinetobacter baumannii with resistance to colistin","volume":"53","author":"Poulakou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenhard, J.R., Smith, N.M., Bulman, Z.P., Tao, X., Thamlikitkul, V., Shin, B.S., Nation, R.L., Li, J., Bulitta, J.B., and Tsuji, B.T. (2017). High-Dose Ampicillin-Sulbactam Combinations Combat Polymyxin-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a Hollow-Fiber Infection Model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 61.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01268-16"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx002","article-title":"Polymyxin-resistant, carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is eradicated by a triple combination of agents that lack individual activity","volume":"72","author":"Lenhard","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ048","article-title":"Colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: Beyond carbapenem resistance","volume":"60","author":"Qureshi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2019.0088","article-title":"Synergistic Activities of Colistin Combinations with Meropenem, Sulbactam, Minocycline, Disodium Fosfomycin, or Vancomycin Against Different Clones of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Strains","volume":"26","author":"Sertcelik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, W., Liu, X.F., Huang, J., Zhu, D.M., Li, J., and Zhang, J. (2011). Activities of colistin- and minocycline-based combinations against extensive drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from intensive care unit patients. BMC Infect. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-109"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17127","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53714-0","article-title":"In vivo efficacy of combination of colistin with fosfomycin or minocycline in a mouse model of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia","volume":"9","author":"Ku","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm178","article-title":"In vitro effect of minocycline and colistin combinations on imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates","volume":"60","author":"Tan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beganovic, M., Daffinee, K.E., Luther, M.K., and LaPlante, K.L. (2021). Minocycline Alone and in Combination with Polymyxin B, Meropenem, and Sulbactam against Carbapenem-Susceptible and -Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in an In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 65.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01680-20"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3893492","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3893492","article-title":"Antimicrobial Susceptibility among Colistin, Sulbactam, and Fosfomycin and a Synergism Study of Colistin in Combination with Sulbactam or Fosfomycin against Clinical Isolates of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"2018","author":"Leelasupasri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-838246420140101","article-title":"Synergistic effects of sulbactam in multi-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"46","author":"Temocin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1179\/1973947815Y.0000000030","article-title":"In vitro synergy of colistin combinations against extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii producing OXA-23 carbapenemase","volume":"28","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"24","article-title":"A prospective evaluation of synergistic effect of sulbactam and tazobactam combination with meropenem or colistin against multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"15","author":"Marie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bosn. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.5578\/mb.26289","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy of colistin\/sulbactam combination on carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains","volume":"50","author":"Telli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mikrobiyol. Bul."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04089-14","article-title":"In Vitro activities of combinations of rifampin with other antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"59","author":"Bai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.66.463","article-title":"Determination of in vitro activities of polymyxin B and rifampin in combination with ampicillin\/sulbactam or cefoperazone\/sulbactam against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii by the E-test and checkerboard methods","volume":"66","author":"Cetin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, T.P., Tan, T.Y., Lee, W., Sasikala, S., Tan, T.T., Hsu, L.Y., and Kwa, A.L. (2011). In-vitro activity of polymyxin B, rifampicin, tigecycline alone and in combination against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Singapore. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018485"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-016-2736-3","article-title":"Mutant prevention concentration of colistin alone and in combination with rifampicin for multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"35","author":"Nordqvist","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Eur. Soc. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3738","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00703-13","article-title":"Synergistic activity of colistin and rifampin combination against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in an in vitro pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic model","volume":"57","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6774","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00839-16","article-title":"In Vitro Synergistic Activity of Antimicrobial Agents in Combination against Clinical Isolates of Colistin-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"60","author":"Bae","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir611","article-title":"Incidence of and risk factors for colistin-associated nephrotoxicity in a large academic health system","volume":"53","author":"Pogue","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"1254","article-title":"Semi-mechanistic PK\/PD modelling of combined polymyxin B and minocycline against a polymyxin-resistant strain of Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"26","author":"Buyck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Publ. Eur. Soc. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2013.1039","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial activity of combinations of fosfomycin, minocycline and polymyxin B on pan-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S148185","article-title":"In vitro activity of colistin mono- and combination therapy against colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, mechanism of resistance, and clinical outcomes of patients infected with colistin-resistant A. baumannii at a Thai university hospital","volume":"10","author":"Lertsrisatit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2018.0283","article-title":"Pharmacodynamic Effects of Sulbactam\/Meropenem\/Polymyxin-B Combination Against Extremely Drug Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Using Checkerboard Information","volume":"25","author":"Menegucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0081-2014","article-title":"Colistin and anti-Gram-positive bacterial agents against Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5316","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00922-10","article-title":"Potent synergy and sustained bactericidal activity of a vancomycin-colistin combination versus multidrug-resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"54","author":"Gordon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"205","article-title":"Clinical and in vitro efficacy of colistin plus vancomycin and rifampin against colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii causing ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"40","author":"Oliva","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ceccarelli, G., Oliva, A., d\u2019Ettorre, G., D\u2019Abramo, A., Caresta, E., Barbara, C.S., Mascellino, M.T., Papoff, P., Moretti, C., and Vullo, V. (2015). The role of vancomycin in addition with colistin and meropenem against colistin-sensitive multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii causing severe infections in a Paediatric Intensive Care Unit. BMC Infect. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1133-3"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000920","article-title":"Synergistic activity of polymyxin B combined with vancomycin against carbapenem-resistant and polymyxin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: First in vitro study","volume":"68","author":"Shinohara","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2013.12.010","article-title":"Colistin\/daptomycin: An unconventional antimicrobial combination synergistic in vitro against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"43","author":"Galani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"11","article-title":"Triple combination therapy with high-dose ampicillin\/sulbactam, high-dose tigecycline and colistin in the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by pan-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: A case series study","volume":"27","author":"Assimakopoulos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infez. Med."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115126","article-title":"Assessment of invitrosynergy of daptomycin or vancomycin plus ceftaroline for daptomycin non-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"98","author":"Hutton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2016.12.005","article-title":"Combination Therapy With Vancomycin and Ceftaroline for Refractory Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: A Case Series","volume":"39","author":"Gritsenko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"2049936119886504","article-title":"Adjunctive ceftaroline in combination with daptomycin or vancomycin for complicated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia after monotherapy failure","volume":"6","author":"Hornak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-019-00277-2","article-title":"Comparing the Outcomes of Ceftaroline Plus Vancomycin or Daptomycin Combination Therapy Versus Monotherapy in Adults with Complicated and Prolonged Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteremia Initially Treated with Supplemental Ceftaroline","volume":"9","author":"Ahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leonard, S.N. (2012). Synergy between vancomycin and nafcillin against Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic model. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042103"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05473-11","article-title":"In vitro pharmacodynamics of vancomycin and cefazolin alone and in combination against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"56","author":"Hagihara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01204-13","article-title":"\u03b2-Lactams enhance vancomycin activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia compared to vancomycin alone","volume":"58","author":"Dilworth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01586-12","article-title":"Ceftaroline increases membrane binding and enhances the activity of daptomycin against daptomycin-nonsusceptible vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in a pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic model","volume":"57","author":"Werth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5296","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00797-12","article-title":"Addition of ceftaroline to daptomycin after emergence of daptomycin-nonsusceptible Staphylococcus aureus during therapy improves antibacterial activity","volume":"56","author":"Rose","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2014.05.061","article-title":"Antimicrobial salvage therapy for persistent staphylococcal bacteremia using daptomycin plus ceftaroline","volume":"36","author":"Sakoulas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks453","article-title":"Evaluation of the combination of daptomycin and nafcillin against vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"68","author":"Leonard","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3161","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00487-10","article-title":"Daptomycin-oxacillin combinations in treatment of experimental endocarditis caused by daptomycin-nonsusceptible strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with evolving oxacillin susceptibility (the \u201cseesaw effect\u201d)","volume":"54","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir340","article-title":"Use of antistaphylococcal beta-lactams to increase daptomycin activity in eradicating persistent bacteremia due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Role of enhanced daptomycin binding","volume":"53","author":"Dhand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz746","article-title":"Daptomycin Plus \u03b2-Lactam Combination Therapy for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections: A Retrospective, Comparative Cohort Study","volume":"71","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ808","article-title":"Combination of Vancomycin and \u03b2-Lactam Therapy for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: A Pilot Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"62","author":"Davis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.0103","article-title":"Effect of Vancomycin or Daptomycin With vs Without an Antistaphylococcal \u03b2-Lactam on Mortality, Bacteremia, Relapse, or Treatment Failure in Patients With MRSA Bacteremia: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"323","author":"Tong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofz538","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz538","article-title":"Multicenter Cohort of Patients With Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Receiving Daptomycin Plus Ceftaroline Compared With Other MRSA Treatments","volume":"7","author":"McCreary","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geriak, M., Haddad, F., Rizvi, K., Rose, W., Kullar, R., LaPlante, K., Yu, M., Vasina, L., Ouellette, K., and Zervos, M. (2019). Clinical Data on Daptomycin plus Ceftaroline versus Standard of Care Monotherapy in the Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 63.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02483-18"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3006","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku236","article-title":"Potent synergy of ceftobiprole plus daptomycin against multiple strains of Staphylococcus aureus with various resistance phenotypes","volume":"69","author":"Barber","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/10\/6\/646\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:09:50Z","timestamp":1760162990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/10\/6\/646"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]},"references-count":148,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics10060646"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics10060646","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-6382"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]}}}