{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T02:02:58Z","timestamp":1793152978409,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI17-02195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI17-02195"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CM18\/00122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CM18\/00122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CM19\/00029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CM19\/00029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases","award":["REIPI RD16\/0016\/0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REIPI RD16\/0016\/0009"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases","award":["REIPI RD16\/0016\/0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REIPI RD16\/0016\/0001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018780","name":"Servicio Andaluz de Salud","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C1-0038-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C1-0038-2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Elderly people confined to chronic care facilities face an increased risk of acquiring infections by multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). This review presents the current knowledge of the prevalence and risk factors for colonization by MDROs in long-term care facilities (LTCF), thereby providing a useful reference to establish objectives for implementing successful antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs). We searched in PubMed and Scopus for studies examining the prevalence of MDROs and\/or risk factors for the acquisition of MDROs in LTCF. One hundred and thirty-four studies published from 1987 to 2020 were included. The prevalence of MDROs in LTCF varies between the different continents, where Asia reported the highest prevalence of extended-spectrum \u00df-lactamase (ESBL) Enterobacterales (71.6%), carbapenem resistant (CR) Enterobacterales (6.9%) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (25.6%) and North America the highest prevalence to MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.4%), MDR Acinetobacter baumannii (15.0%), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. (VRE) (4.0%), and Clostridioides difficile (26.1%). Furthermore, MDRO prevalence has experienced changes over time, with increases in MDR P. aeruginosa and extended spectrum \u00df-lactamase producing Enterobacterales observed starting in 2015 and decreases of CR Enterobacterales, MDR A. baumannii, VRE, MRSA and C. difficile. Several risk factors have been found, such as male sex, chronic wounds, the use of medical devices, and previous antibiotic use. The last of these aspects represents one of the most important modifiable factors for reducing colonization with MDROs through implementing ASPs in LTCF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10060680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T13:25:43Z","timestamp":1623072343000},"page":"680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["Prevalence and Risk Factors for Multidrug-Resistant Organisms Colonization in Long-Term Care Facilities Around the World: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6373-9724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Villodres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University of Seville\/CSIC\/University Hospital Virgen del Roc\u00edo, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2022-9254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Mart\u00edn-Gandul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University of Seville\/CSIC\/University Hospital Virgen del Roc\u00edo, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6986-6230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Germ\u00e1n","family":"Pe\u00f1alva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University of Seville\/CSIC\/University Hospital Virgen del Roc\u00edo, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0882-9254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Bel\u00e9n","family":"Guisado-Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University of Seville\/CSIC\/University Hospital Virgen del Roc\u00edo, 41013 Seville, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University Hospital Virgen del Roc\u00edo, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Crespo-Rivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University of Seville\/CSIC\/University Hospital Virgen del Roc\u00edo, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7969-8162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Eugenia","family":"Pach\u00f3n-Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University of Seville\/CSIC\/University Hospital Virgen del Roc\u00edo, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Lepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University of Seville\/CSIC\/University Hospital Virgen del Roc\u00edo, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5001-672X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Miguel","family":"Cisneros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University of Seville\/CSIC\/University Hospital Virgen del Roc\u00edo, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800100","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.46.1800100","article-title":"Antimicrobial prescribing in long-term care facilities: A nationwide point-prevalence study, Slovenia, 2016","volume":"23","author":"Stepan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-020-00347-6","article-title":"COVID-19 highlights the need for universal adoption of standards of medical care for physicians in nursing homes in Europe","volume":"11","author":"Briggs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. 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