{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T10:50:46Z","timestamp":1778151046974,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund-INTERREG POCTEFA","award":["EFA 152\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFA 152\/16"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many of the infectious diseases that affect livestock have bacteria as etiological agents. Thus, therapy is based on antimicrobials that leave the animal\u2019s tissues mainly via urine, reaching the environment through slurry and waste water. Once there, antimicrobial residues may lead to antibacterial resistance as well as toxicity for plants, animals, or humans. Hence, the objective was to describe the rate of antimicrobial excretion in urine in order to select the most appropriate molecule while reducing harmful effects. Thus, 62 pigs were treated with sulfamethoxypyridazine, oxytetracycline, and enrofloxacin. Urine was collected through the withdrawal period and analysed via LC-MS\/MS. Oxytetracycline had the slowest rate of degradation (a half-life time of 4.18 days) and the most extended elimination period in urine (over 2 months), followed by enrofloxacin (a half-life time of 1.48 days, total urine elimination in ca. 3 weeks) and sulfamethoxypyridazine (a half-life time of 0.49 days, total urine elimination in ca. 1 week). Bacterial sensitivity and recommendations for responsible use are limiting when selecting the treatment. Nevertheless, with similar effectiveness, sulfamethoxypyridazine would be the choice, as waste treatment would only need to be implemented for 1 week after treatment. Thus, more in-depth knowledge regarding antibacterial elimination would improve resource management, while protecting animals and consumers\u2019 health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10070762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T11:28:41Z","timestamp":1624447721000},"page":"762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Antibacterial Residue Excretion via Urine as an Indicator for Therapeutical Treatment Choice and Farm Waste Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jes\u00fas","family":"Serrano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7629-8101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Garc\u00eda-Gonzalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eunate","family":"Abilleira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Laboratory, Office of Public Health and Addictions, Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, 48160 Derio, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janire","family":"Elorduy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Laboratory, Office of Public Health and Addictions, Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, 48160 Derio, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9907-2941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Mitjana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Victoria","family":"Falceto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Laborda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6178-9891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Bonastre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2723-9236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Mata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of R&D, ZEULAB S.L., 50197 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Cond\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0238-6328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Pag\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.08.006","article-title":"Antimicrobial growth promoter use in livestock: A requirement to understand their modes of action to develop effective alternatives","volume":"49","author":"Brown","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. 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