{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T00:52:45Z","timestamp":1793839965543,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salmonella spp. is among the leading causes of foodborne infections in humans and a large number of animals. Salmonella spp. is a pathogen involved in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance because it can accumulate antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). In this study, the antibiotic resistance profile to 15 antibiotics, belonging to six different classes, of 60 strains of Salmonella spp. collected from pets, farm animals, wildlife, and food in Sicily (Italy) was investigated by the Kirby-Bauer method. Given that almost 33.3% of the Salmonella spp. strains were resistant to tetracycline, Real-Time PCR analysis was applied on all the 60 strains to detect the presence of eight selected tet resistance genes. Besides, the presence of the int1 gene, related to the horizontal gene transfer among bacteria, was also investigated in all the strains by Real-Time PCR analysis. Our data showed that 56% of the isolated strains harbored one or more tet resistance genes and that these strains were most frequently isolated from animals living in close contact with humans. Concerning int1, 17 strains (28.3%) harbored this genetic element and eight of these simultaneously contained tet genes. The results of this study highlight the importance of using a molecular approach to detect resistance genetic determinants, whose spread can increase the diffusion of multidrug-resistant strains. Besides, the study of zoonotic bacteria such as Salmonella spp. which significantly contribute to ARGs dissemination should always follow a One Health approach that considers the health of humans, animals, and the environment to be closely related.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10070809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T10:06:34Z","timestamp":1625220394000},"page":"809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile and Tetracycline Resistance Genes Detection in Salmonella spp. Strains Isolated from Animals and Food"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9684-7473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Gargano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Sciortino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1990-4141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delia","family":"Gambino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1357-8250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Agozzino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Reale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1054-6915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Alduina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90028 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8902-6383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Vicari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.63580-0","article-title":"Nomenclature and Taxonomy of the Genus Salmonella","volume":"55","author":"Tindall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Post, A.S., Diallo, S.N., Guiraud, I., Lompo, P., Tahita, M.C., Maltha, J., Van Puyvelde, S., Mattheus, W., Ley, B., and Thriemer, K. (2019). Supporting Evidence for a Human Reservoir of Invasive Non-Typhoidal Salmonella from Household Samples in Burkina Faso. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007782"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2018). International Office of Epizootics; Biological Standards Commission. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals: (Mammals, Birds and Bees), OIE."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/21553769.2015.1051243","article-title":"Salmonella: A Review on Pathogenesis, Epidemiology and Antibiotic Resistance","volume":"8","author":"Eng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh332","article-title":"Pet Animals as Reservoirs of Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria: Review","volume":"54","author":"Guardabassi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2015.03.004","article-title":"Bacterial Zoonoses Transmitted by Household Pets: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives for Targeted Research and Policy Actions","volume":"155","author":"Damborg","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2017.0329","article-title":"Genotypic Resistance to Quinolone and Tetracycline in Salmonella Dublin Strains Isolated from Humans and Animals in Brazil","volume":"25","author":"Vilela","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.phyto.40.120301.093927","article-title":"Antibiotic Use in Plant Agriculture","volume":"40","author":"McManus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2000.01160.x","article-title":"Molecular Analysis of Tetracycline Resistance in Salmonella Enterica Subsp. Enterica Serovars Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Dublin, Choleraesuis, Hadar and Saintpaul: Construction and Application of Specific Gene Probes","volume":"89","author":"Frech","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3034","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2612.200336","article-title":"Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Enterica Subspecies Enterica 4,[5],12:I:- Sequence Type 34 between Europe and the United States","volume":"26","author":"Elnekave","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.65.2.232-260.2001","article-title":"Tetracycline Antibiotics: Mode of Action, Applications, Molecular Biology, and Epidemiology of Bacterial Resistance","volume":"65","author":"Chopra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_12.1","unstructured":"(2020). European Food Safety Authority"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_12.2","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control The European Union Summary Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in Zoonotic and Indicator Bacteria from Humans, Animals and Food in 2017\/2018. EFSA J., 18."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2014.1760","article-title":"Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Case and Molecular Analysis of Toxin Genes in Staphylococcus Aureus Strains Isolated from Food in Sicily, Italy","volume":"12","author":"Vitale","year":"2015","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2017.2338","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance Profiling, Analysis of Virulence Aspects and Molecular Genotyping of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated in Sicily, Italy","volume":"15","author":"Vitale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitale, M., Galluzzo, P., Buffa, P.G., Carlino, E., Spezia, O., and Alduina, R. (2019). Comparison of Antibiotic Resistance Profile and Biofilm Production of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates Derived from Human Specimens and Animal-Derived Samples. Antibiotics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8030097"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sciortino, S., Arculeo, P., Alio, V., Cardamone, C., Nicastro, L., Arculeo, M., Alduina, R., and Costa, A. (2021). Occurrence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Arcobacter Spp. Recovered from Aquatic Environments. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10030288"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peterson, E., and Kaur, P. (2018). Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms in Bacteria: Relationships Between Resistance Determinants of Antibiotic Producers, Environmental Bacteria, and Clinical Pathogens. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02928"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1234","article-title":"Mechanisms of, and Barriers to, Horizontal Gene Transfer between Bacteria","volume":"3","author":"Thomas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2005.pto960401.x","article-title":"Veterinary Drug Usage and Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin","volume":"96","author":"Aarestrup","year":"2005","journal-title":"Basic Htmlent Glyphamp Asciiamp Clin. Pharmacol. Htmlent Glyphamp Asciiamp Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2019.2694","article-title":"Antibiotic Susceptibility, Biofilm-Forming Ability, and Incidence of Class 1 Integron of Salmonella Spp., Escherichia Coli, and Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated from Various Foods in a School Canteen in China","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, H., Chen, W., Xu, X., Zhou, X., and Shi, C. (2018). Transmissible ST3-IncHI2 Plasmids Are Predominant Carriers of Diverse Complex IS26-Class 1 Integron Arrangements in Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02492"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2018). European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (EFSA and ECDC) The European Union Summary Report on Trends and Sources of Zoonoses, Zoonotic Agents and Food-borne Outbreaks in 2017. EFSA J., 16."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_23.1","unstructured":"(2021). European Food Safety Authority"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_23.2","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control The European Union One Health 2019 Zoonoses Report. EFSA J., 19."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3675","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.12.3675-3681.2003","article-title":"Ribosomal Protection Proteins and Their Mechanism of Tetracycline Resistance","volume":"47","author":"Connell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.10.122","article-title":"Salmonella Genomic Islands and Antibiotic Resistance in Salmonella Enterica","volume":"5","author":"Hall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and World Organisation for Animal Health (2018). Monitoring Global Progress On Addressing Antimicrobial Resistance, WHO."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1521-8","article-title":"Salmonella Persisters Promote the Spread of Antibiotic Resistance Plasmids in the Gut","volume":"573","author":"Bakkeren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polianciuc, S.I., Gurz\u0103u, A.E., Kiss, B., \u0218tefan, M.G., and Loghin, F. (2020). Antibiotics in the Environment: Causes and Consequences. Med. Pharm. Rep.","DOI":"10.15386\/mpr-1742"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gambino, D., Persichetti, M.F., Gentile, A., Arculeo, M., Visconti, G., Curr\u00f2, V., Caracappa, G., Crucitti, D., Piazza, A., and Mancianti, F. (2020). First Data on Microflora of Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta Caretta) Nests from the Coastlines of Sicily. Biol. Open, 9.","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.045252"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blasi, M.F., Migliore, L., Mattei, D., Rotini, A., Thaller, M.C., and Alduina, R. (2020). Antibiotic Resistance of Gram-Negative Bacteria from Wild Captured Loggerhead Sea Turtles. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9040162"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Lu, J., and Wu, J. (2020). Antibiotic Resistance Genes Might Serve as New Indicators for Wastewater Contamination of Coastal Waters: Spatial Distribution and Source Apportionment of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in a Coastal Bay. Ecol. Indic., 114.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106299"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yukawa, S., Uchida, I., Tamura, Y., Ohshima, S., and Hasegawa, T. (2019). Characterisation of Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella Isolated from Dog Treats in Japan. Epidemiol. Infect., 147.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268819000153"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen Thi, H., Pham, T.-T.-T., Turchi, B., Fratini, F., Ebani, V.V., Cerri, D., and Bertelloni, F. (2020). Characterization of Salmonella Spp. Isolates from Swine: Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10122418"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sucato, A., Vecchioni, L., Savoca, D., Presentato, A., Arculeo, M., and Alduina, R. (2021). A Comparative Analysis of Aquatic and Polyethylene-Associated Antibiotic-Resistant Microbiota in the Mediterranean Sea. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10030200"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1996.359886.x","article-title":"Purification of the Tn10-Specified Tetracycline Efflux Antiporter TetA in a Native State as a Polyhistidine Fusion Protein","volume":"19","author":"Aldema","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsle.2005.02.034","article-title":"Update on Acquired Tetracycline Resistance Genes","volume":"245","author":"Roberts","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.4.2503-2507.2004","article-title":"Frequency and Distribution of Tetracycline Resistance Genes in Genetically Diverse, Nonselected, and Nonclinical Escherichia Coli Strains Isolated from Diverse Human and Animal Sources","volume":"70","author":"Bryan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tawyabur, Md., Islam, Md.S., Sobur, Md.A., Hossain, Md.J., Mahmud, Md.M., Paul, S., Hossain, M.T., Ashour, H.M., and Rahman, Md.T. (2020). Isolation and Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia Coli and Salmonella Spp. from Healthy and Diseased Turkeys. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9110770"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.01.003","article-title":"Distribution and Transferability of Tetracycline Resistance Determinants in Escherichia Coli Isolated from Meat and Meat Products","volume":"145","author":"Koo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-8508(92)90007-K","article-title":"Enterobacterial Tetracycline Resistance in Relation to Plasmid Incompatibility","volume":"6","author":"Jones","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Probes"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-842X(94)90610-6","article-title":"Epidemiology of Tetracycline-Resistance Determinants","volume":"2","author":"Roberts","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDermott, P.F., Zhao, S., and Tate, H. (2018). Antimicrobial Resistance in Nontyphoidal Salmonella. Microbiol. Spectr., 6.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.ARBA-0014-2017"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2019.02.015","article-title":"Subtyping of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance among Salmonella Serotypes by Whole Genome Sequencing","volume":"94","author":"Soares","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lian, X., Wang, X., Liu, X., Xia, J., Fang, L., Sun, J., Liao, X., and Liu, Y. (2019). OqxAB-Positive IncHI2 Plasmid PHXY0908 Increase Salmonella Enterica Serotype Typhimurium Strains Tolerance to Ciprofloxacin. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00242"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munita, J.M., and Arias, C.A. (2016). Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance. Microbiol. Spectr., 4.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.VMBF-0016-2015"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gambino, D., Vicari, D., Vitale, M., Schir\u00f2, G., Mira, F., Giglia, M.L., Riccardi, A., Gentile, A., Giardina, S., and Carrozzo, A. (2021). Study on Bacteria Isolates and Antimicrobial Resistance in Wildlife in Sicily, Southern Italy. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9010203"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alduina, R., Gambino, D., Presentato, A., Gentile, A., Sucato, A., Savoca, D., Filippello, S., Visconti, G., Caracappa, G., and Vicari, D. (2020). Is Caretta Caretta a Carrier of Antibiotic Resistance in the Mediterranean Sea?. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9030116"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2017.08.009","article-title":"Characterizing the Antibiotic Resistance Genes in a River Catchment: Influence of Anthropogenic Activities","volume":"69","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2014.07.004","article-title":"Supplement 2008\u20132010 (No. 48) to the White\u2013Kauffmann\u2013Le Minor Scheme","volume":"165","author":"Roggentin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"CLSI (2018). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated from Animals CLSI Supplement VET08, Committee for Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00842-07","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance Genes Associated with Salmonella Enterica Serovar Newport Isolates from Food Animals","volume":"52","author":"Lynne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2013.06.009","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Avian Pathogenic Escherichia Coli Isolated from Septicemic Broilers","volume":"303","author":"Ahmed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zambri, M., Cloutier, M., Adam, Z., Lapen, D.R., Wilkes, G., Sunohara, M., Topp, E., Talbot, G., and Khan, I.U.H. (2019). Novel Virulence, Antibiotic Resistance and Toxin Gene-Specific PCR-Based Assays for Rapid Pathogenicity Assessment of Arcobacter Faecis and Arcobacter Lanthieri. BMC Microbiol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-018-1357-7"}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/10\/7\/809\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:25:24Z","timestamp":1760163924000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/10\/7\/809"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics10070809"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics10070809","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]]}}}