{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T05:59:05Z","timestamp":1771912745076,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,3]],"date-time":"2021-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30-EY08098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30-EY08098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000185","name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W911NF-15-2-0036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF-15-2-0036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000185","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It was previously demonstrated that predatory bacteria are able to efficiently eliminate Gram-negative pathogens including antibiotic-resistant and biofilm-associated bacteria. In this proof-of-concept study we evaluated whether two species of predatory bacteria, Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and Micavibrio aeruginosavorus, were able to alter the survival of Gram-negative pathogens on the ocular surface. Clinical keratitis isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain PAC) and Serratia marcescens (strain K904) were applied to the ocular surface of NZW rabbits followed by application of predatory bacteria. At time intervals, surviving pathogenic bacteria were enumerated. In addition, B. bacteriovorus and S. marcescens were applied to porcine organ culture corneas under contact lenses, and the ocular surface was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The ocular surface epithelial layer of porcine corneas exposed to S. marcescens, but not B. bacteriovorus was damaged. Using this model, neither pathogen could survive on the rabbit ocular surface for longer than 24 h. M. aeruginosavorus correlated with a more rapid clearance of P. aeruginosa but not S. marcescens from rabbit eyes. This study supports previous evidence that predatory bacteria are well tolerated by the cornea, but suggest that predatory bacteria do not considerably change the ability of the ocular surface to clear the tested Gram-negative bacterial pathogens from the ocular surface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10070810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,4]],"date-time":"2021-07-04T22:34:36Z","timestamp":1625438076000},"page":"810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Clearance of Gram-Negative Bacterial Pathogens from the Ocular Surface by Predatory Bacteria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4246-3276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric G.","family":"Romanowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles T. Campbell Eye Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, The Eye and Ear Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 203 Lothrop Street, Room 1020, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shilpi","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, 110 Bergen St, Newark, NJ 07103, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Androulla","family":"Pericleous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, 110 Bergen St, Newark, NJ 07103, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3373-0360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Kadouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, 110 Bergen St, Newark, NJ 07103, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert M. Q.","family":"Shanks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles T. Campbell Eye Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, The Eye and Ear Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 203 Lothrop Street, Room 1020, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2012.45.2.71","article-title":"The dual probiotic and antibiotic nature of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus","volume":"45","author":"Dwidar","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.091208.073346","article-title":"Predatory lifestyle of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus","volume":"63","author":"Sockett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. 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