{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:21:16Z","timestamp":1792804876585,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]],"date-time":"2021-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Research and Academic Affairs Promotion Fund, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University (fiscal year 2018)","award":["RAAPF2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RAAPF2018"]}]},{"name":"The Research Grant for Thesis, Graduate School Khon Kaen University (fiscal year of 2017)","award":["The Research Grant for Thesis 2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["The Research Grant for Thesis 2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by Gram-negative bacillus bacteria Burkholderia pseudomallei. Due to the emerging resistance of B. pseudomallei to antibiotics including ceftazidime (CAZ), the development of novel antibiotics and alternative modes of treatment has become an urgent issue. Here, we demonstrated an ability to synergistically increase the efficiency of antibiotics through their combination with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Combinations of four conventional antibiotics including CAZ, imipenem (IMI), meropenem (MER), and gentamicin sulfate (GENT) with starch-stabilized AgNPs were tested for their antibacterial effects against three isolates of B. pseudomallei. The combination of each antibiotic with AgNPs featured fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index values and fractional bactericidal concentration (FBC) index values ranging from 0.312 to 0.75 \u00b5g\/mL and 0.252 to 0.625 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively, against the three isolates of B. pseudomallei. The study clearly showed that most of the combinatorial treatments exhibited synergistic antimicrobial effects against all three isolates of B. pseudomallei. The highest enhancing effect was observed for GENT with AgNPs. These results confirmed the combination of each antibiotic with AgNPs restored their bactericidal potency in the bacterial strains that had previously been shown to be resistant to the antibiotics. In addition, morphological changes examined by SEM confirmed that the bacterial cells were severely damaged by combinations at the FBC level. Although bacteria produce fibers to protect themselves, ultimately the bacteria were killed by the antibiotic\u2013AgNPs combinations. Overall, these results suggest the study of antibiotic\u2013AgNPs combinations as an alternative design strategy for potential therapeutics to more effectively combat the melioidosis pathogen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10070839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T00:23:36Z","timestamp":1626049416000},"page":"839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Silver Nanoparticles Enhance Antimicrobial Efficacy of Antibiotics and Restore That Efficacy against the Melioidosis Pathogen"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sathit","family":"Malawong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saengrawee","family":"Thammawithan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawinee","family":"Sirithongsuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakda","family":"Daduang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Division of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sompong","family":"Klaynongsruang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela T.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"},{"name":"Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9325-2527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rina","family":"Patramanon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120135","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2015.8","article-title":"Predicted Global Distribution of Burkholderia Pseudomallei and Burden of Melioidosis","volume":"1","author":"Limmathurotsakul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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