{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T07:04:59Z","timestamp":1789110299498,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, through the Research Groups Program","award":["Grant no. (RGP-1441-0028)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant no. (RGP-1441-0028)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Boswellia sacra Flueck. oleoresin extract (frankincense) has traditionally been used in the treatment of different diseases, but there are no sufficient studies on its potential activity against periodontal pathogens. Therefore, antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of frankincense extract against Porphyromonas gingivalis clinical isolates were studied. The phytochemical composition of the volatile components of the extract was identified by GC-MS analysis revealing 49 compounds as trans-nerolidyl formate, cycloartenol acetate, ursenoic acid 3-oxomethyl ester, bisabolene epoxide, and kaur-16-ene. It decreased the growth and increased the leakage of nucleotides in 58.3% and 33.3% of isolates, respectively. Additionally, it reduced the extracellular polysaccharide production and the cell surface hydrophobicity in 41.67% and 50% of the isolates, respectively. Crystal violet assay revealed inhibition of biofilm formation by the tested isolates. Light microscope and scanning electron microscope were used to examine the biofilms and they confirmed the reduction of biofilm formation by frankincense extract. Downregulation of the genes linked to biofilm formation (fimA, hagA, and hagB) was observed using qRT-PCR after treatment with the frankincense extract. This study suggested that the frankincense extract could exhibit antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against P. gingivalis isolates. Thus, the frankincense extract could be used as a treatment approach for periodontitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10070859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T09:32:07Z","timestamp":1626341527000},"page":"859","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Antibacterial Activity of Boswellia sacra Flueck. Oleoresin Extract against Porphyromonas gingivalis Periodontal Pathogen"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Nashwah G. M.","family":"Attallah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA) (Previously NODCAR), Giza 8655, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0463-8047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walaa A.","family":"Negm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8287-1026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Engy","family":"Elekhnawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6372-7141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Najla","family":"Altwaijry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1160-5040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elshaymaa I.","family":"Elmongy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thanaa A.","family":"El-Masry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman A.","family":"Alturki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doaa A.","family":"Yousef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Medicine, Periodontology, Oral Diagnosis, and Radiology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malak","family":"Y. Shoukheba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Medicine, Periodontology, Oral Diagnosis, and Radiology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1902\/annals.1999.4.1.1","article-title":"Development of a classification system for periodontal diseases and conditions","volume":"4","author":"Armitage","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahlen, G., Basic, A., and Bylund, J. (2019). Importance of virulence factors for the persistence of oral bacteria in the inflamed gingival crevice and in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. J. Clin. 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