{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:21:40Z","timestamp":1790882500531,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant no.: 106063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant no.: 106063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology\/National Research Foundation","award":["Grant No. 98342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 98342"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are major reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), favouring antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) interchange among bacteria and they can provide valuable information on ARB circulating in a community. This study characterised extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli from the influent and effluent of four WWTPs in uMgungundlovu District, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. E. coli was enumerated using the membrane filtration method and confirmed using the API 20E test and real-time polymerase chain reaction. ESBL-producers were phenotypically identified by their susceptibility to the third-generation cephalosporins using the disc diffusion and the double-disc synergy methods against cefotaxime (30 \u00b5g) with and without 10 \u00b5g clavulanic acid. Genotypic verification was by PCR of the TEM, SHV, and CTX-M genes. The clonality of isolates was assessed by ERIC-PCR. The highest E. coli count ranged between 1.1 \u00d7 105 (influent) and 4.3 \u00d7 103 CFU\/mL (effluent). Eighty pure isolates were randomly selected, ten from the influent and effluent of each of the four WWTP. ESBLs were phenotypically confirmed in 49% (n = 39) of the isolates, of which 77% (n = 30) were genotypically confirmed. Seventy-three percent of the total isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Only two isolates were susceptible to all antibiotics. Overall, resistance to first and second-generation cephalosporins was higher than to third and fourth generation cephalosporins. Also, 15% of the isolates were resistant to carbapenems. The CTX-M-type ESBL (67%; n = 20) was the most common ESBL antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) followed by TEM (57%; n = 17) and SHV-types (27%; n = 8). Also, a substantial number of isolates simultaneously carried all three ESBL genes. ERIC-PCR revealed a high diversity of isolates. The diversity of the isolates observed in the influent samples suggest the potential circulation of different ESBL-producing strains within the studied district, requiring a more comprehensive epidemiological study to prevent the spread of ESBL-producing bacteria within impoverished communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10070860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T09:32:07Z","timestamp":1626341527000},"page":"860","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Analysis of Wastewater Reveals the Spread of Diverse Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase-Producing E. coli Strains in uMgungundlovu District, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Siyabonga N.","family":"Gumede","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5194-2810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akebe L. K.","family":"Abia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel G.","family":"Amoako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa"},{"name":"Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3357-2761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabiha Y.","family":"Essack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2017). 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