{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:10:33Z","timestamp":1791234633333,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01GM124436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM124436"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) occurring after artificial joint replacement is a major clinical issue requiring multiple surgeries and antibiotic interventions. Staphylococcus aureus is the common bacteria responsible for PJI. Recent in vitro research has shown that staphylococcal strains rapidly form free-floating aggregates in the presence of synovial fluid (SF) with biofilm-like resistance to antimicrobial agents. However, the development of biofilms formed from these aggregates under shear have not been widely investigated. Thus, in this study, we examined the progression of attached biofilms from free-floating aggregates. Biofilms were grown for 24 h in flow cells on titanium discs after inoculation with either pre-aggregated or single planktonic cells. Image analysis showed no significant difference between the biofilm formed from aggregates vs. the planktonic cells in terms of biomass, surface area, and thickness. Regarding antibiotic susceptibility, there were 1 and 2 log reductions in biofilms formed from single cells and aggregates, respectively, when treated with vancomycin for 24 h. Thus, this study demonstrates the formation of biofilm from free-floating aggregates and follows a similar developmental time period and shows similar antibiotic tolerance to more traditionally inoculated in vitro flow cell biofilms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10080889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T11:53:23Z","timestamp":1626868403000},"page":"889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Free-Floating Aggregate and Single-Cell-Initiated Biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Tripti Thapa","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niraj K.","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Burback","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6069-273X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Stoodley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"},{"name":"National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton (nCATS), Mechanical Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"},{"name":"National Biofilm Innovation Centre (NBIC), University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12233","article-title":"Clinical presentation and treatment of orthopaedic implant-associated infection","volume":"276","author":"Zimmerli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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