{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T20:36:42Z","timestamp":1788986202764,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SAF2013-48971-C2-1-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAF2013-48971-C2-1-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The treatment and hospital-spread-control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important challenge since these bacteria are involved in a considerable number of nosocomial infections that are difficult to treat and produce prolonged hospitalization, thus also increasing the risk of death. In fact, MRSA strains are frequently resistant to all \u03b2-lactam antibiotics, and co-resistances with other drugs such as macrolides, aminoglycosides, and lincosamides are usually reported, limiting the therapeutical options. To this must be added that the ability of these bacteria to form biofilms on hospital surfaces and devices confer high antibiotic resistance and favors horizontal gene transfer of genetic-resistant mobile elements, the spreading of infections, and relapses. Here, we genotypically and phenotypically characterized 100 clinically isolated S. aureus for their resistance to 18 antibiotics (33% of them were OXA resistant MRSA) and ability to form biofilms. From them, we selected 48 strains on the basis on genotype group, antimicrobial-resistance profile, and existing OXA resistance to be assayed against bacteriocin AS-48. The results showed that AS-48 was active against all strains, regardless of their clinical source, genotype, antimicrobial resistance profile, or biofilm formation capacity, and this activity was enhanced in the presence of the antimicrobial peptide lysozyme. Finally, we explored the effect of AS-48 on formed S. aureus biofilms, observing a reduction in S. aureus S-33 viability. Changes in the matrix structure of the biofilms as well as in the cell division process were observed with scanning electron microscopy in both S-33 and S-48 S. aureus strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10080925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T12:59:24Z","timestamp":1627649964000},"page":"925","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Antimicrobial Activity of the Circular Bacteriocin AS-48 against Clinical Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Vel\u00e1zquez-Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuente Nueva s\/n, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Am\u00e9rico Vespucio, 49, 41092 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1575-1846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Cebri\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Gasca-Capote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Virgen del Roc\u00edo University Hospital, CSIC, University of Seville, Av. Manuel Siurot, s\/n, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0249-2291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Sorl\u00f3zano-Puerto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine and PhD Program in Clinical Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Avda. de la Investigaci\u00f3n 11, 18016 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Avda. de las Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18012 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6146-9740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine and PhD Program in Clinical Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Avda. de la Investigaci\u00f3n 11, 18016 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Avda. de las Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18012 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Bueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuente Nueva s\/n, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercedes","family":"Maqueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuente Nueva s\/n, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Valdivia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuente Nueva s\/n, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00134-14","article-title":"Staphylococcus Aureus Infections: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Management","volume":"28","author":"Tong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro821","article-title":"Bacterial Biofilms: From the Natural Environment to Infectious Diseases","volume":"2","author":"Costerton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryder, V.J., Chopra, I., and O\u2019Neill, A.J. (2012). Increased Mutability of Staphylococci in Biofilms as a Consequence of Oxidative Stress. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047695"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02008-12","article-title":"Staphylococcus Aureus Biofilms Promote Horizontal Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance","volume":"57","author":"Savage","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2021, June 18). European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Antimicrobial Resistance in the EU\/EEA(EARS-Net)\u2014Annual Epidemiological Report 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data?f%5B0%5D=output_types%3A1256."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"S64","article-title":"Staphylococcus Aureus in the Intensive Care Unit: Are These Golden Grapes Ripe for a New Approach?","volume":"215","author":"Sampedro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30605-4","article-title":"Attributable Deaths and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years Caused by Infections with Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in the EU and the European Economic Area in 2015: A Population-Level Modelling Analysis","volume":"19","author":"Cassini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1039\/C9MD00044E","article-title":"Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA): Antibiotic-Resistance and the Biofilm Phenotype","volume":"10","author":"Craft","year":"2019","journal-title":"MedChemComm"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0147-4","article-title":"Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus: An Overview of Basic and Clinical Research","volume":"17","author":"Turner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2006.04.005","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus Aureus from Hospital and Community Sources in Southern Jamaica","volume":"11","author":"Brown","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6489","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.11.6489-6494.2003","article-title":"Methicillin (Oxacillin)-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Strains Isolated from Major Food Animals and Their Potential Transmission to Humans","volume":"69","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2017). Global Priority List of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria to Guide Research, Discovery, and Development of New Antibiotics, WHO."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geitani, R., Ayoub Moubareck, C., Touqui, L., and Karam Sarkis, D. (2019). Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides: Alternatives and\/or Adjuvants to Antibiotics Active against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus and Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. BMC Microbiol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1416-8"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-019-0058-8","article-title":"Antimicrobial Host Defence Peptides: Functions and Clinical Potential","volume":"19","author":"Mookherjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heilbronner, S., Krismer, B., Br\u00f6tz-Oesterhelt, H., and Peschel, A. (2021). The Microbiome-Shaping Roles of Bacteriocins. Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00569-w"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-00135-8","article-title":"Trends in Peptide Drug Discovery","volume":"20","author":"Muttenthaler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2018.10.103","article-title":"Membrane Targeting Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides","volume":"537","author":"Ciumac","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2937","article-title":"Bacteriocins\u2014A Viable Alternative to Antibiotics?","volume":"11","author":"Cotter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-011-0724-4","article-title":"AS-48 Bacteriocin: Close to Perfection","volume":"68","author":"Valdivia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11766","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29580-7","article-title":"Control of Propionibacterium Acnes by Natural Antimicrobial Substances: Role of the Bacteriocin AS-48 and Lysozyme","volume":"8","author":"Rojo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01143","article-title":"LAB Bacteriocins Controlling the Food Isolated (Drug-Resistant) Staphylococci","volume":"9","author":"Valdivia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2005.02733.x","article-title":"Synergistic Effect of Enterocin AS-48 in Combination with Outer Membrane Permeabilizing Treatments against Escherichia Coli O157:H7","volume":"99","author":"Ananou","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa030","article-title":"Assessing the Effectiveness of AS-48 in Experimental Mice Models of Chagas\u2019 Disease","volume":"75","author":"Maqueda","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02288-16","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02288-16","article-title":"Enterocin AS-48 as Evidence for the Use of Bacteriocins as New Leishmanicidal Agents","volume":"61","author":"Saugar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2018.03.002","article-title":"Autophagic-Related Cell Death of Trypanosoma Brucei Induced by Bacteriocin AS-48","volume":"8","author":"Bart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2019.06.003","article-title":"Preclinical Studies of Toxicity and Safety of the AS-48 Bacteriocin","volume":"20","author":"Rosales","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.110667","article-title":"Subchronic Toxicity Study in BALBc Mice of Enterocin AS-48, an Anti-Microbial Peptide Produced by Enterococcus Faecalis UGRA10","volume":"132","author":"Ananou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem. Tox."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.4.1339-1346.2000","article-title":"Evaluation of the Wider System, a New Computer-Assisted Image-Processing Device for Bacterial Identification and Susceptibility Testing","volume":"38","author":"Oliver","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fux007","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance in Staphylococcus Aureus. Current Status and Future Prospects","volume":"41","author":"Foster","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/2110-5820-1-47","article-title":"The Rising Problem of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Intensive Care Unit","volume":"1","author":"Brusselaers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.05.734","article-title":"Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) and MLSB (Macrolide-Lincosamide-Stretogramin B) Isolated from Community and Hospital\u2014Associated Infections (Ca\/Ha-MRSA)","volume":"12","author":"Junie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35052","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.35052","article-title":"Frequency of Aminoglycoside-Resistance Genes in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Isolates from Hospitalized Patients","volume":"9","author":"Mahdiyoun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jundishapur J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1036","article-title":"Aminoglycosides resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"50","author":"Okamoto","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nihon Rinsho"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adhikari, R.P., Shrestha, S., Barakoti, A., and Amatya, R. (2017). Inducible Clindamycin and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. BMC Infect. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2584-5"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"22","article-title":"Bacterial Killing Is Enhanced by Exogenous Administration of Lysozyme in the Lungs","volume":"76","author":"Epaud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00359-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00359-18","article-title":"Synergy between Circular Bacteriocin AS-48 and Ethambutol against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis","volume":"62","author":"Gracia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2017.11.018","article-title":"Application of Enterocin AS-48 as Biopreservative in Eggs and Egg Fractions: Synergism through Lysozyme","volume":"89","author":"Ananou","year":"2018","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2020.100739","article-title":"Staphylococcus Aureus Biofilms: Structures, Antibiotic Resistance, Inhibition, and Vaccines","volume":"20","author":"Parastan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gene Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Q., Sun, H., Yao, K., Cai, J., Ren, Y., and Chi, Y. (2019). The Prevalence, Antibiotic Resistance and Biofilm Formation of Staphylococcus Aureus in Bulk Ready-To-Eat Foods. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9100524"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamret, F., Colin, M., Mongaret, C., Gangloff, S.C., and Reffuveille, F. (2020). Antibiotic Tolerance of Staphylococcus Aureus Biofilm in Periprosthetic Joint Infections and Antibiofilm Strategies. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9090547"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201400080","article-title":"Staphylococcus Aureus Chronic and Relapsing Infections: Evidence of a Role for Persister Cells: An Investigation of Persister Cells, Their Formation and Their Role in S. Aureus Disease","volume":"36","author":"Conlon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4538","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.10.4538-4545.2001","article-title":"The Enterococcal Surface Protein, Esp, Is Involved in Enterococcus Faecalis Biofilm Formation","volume":"67","author":"Valle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"137","article-title":"A Microtiter Plate Assay for Staphylococcus Aureus Biofilm Quantification at Various PH Levels and Hydrogen Peroxide Supplementation","volume":"33","author":"Zmantar","year":"2010","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reffuveille, F., Josse, J., Vall\u00e9, Q., Mongaret, C., and Gangloff, S.C. (2017). Staphylococcus Aureus Biofilms and Their Impact on the Medical Field, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/66380"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasir, M., Willcox, M.D.P., and Dutta, D. (2018). Action of Antimicrobial Peptides against Bacterial Biofilms. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11122468"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-020-00166-4","article-title":"A Bacteriocin-Based Antimicrobial Formulation to Effectively Disrupt the Cell Viability of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Biofilms","volume":"6","author":"Kranjec","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-018-0053-6","article-title":"Fighting Biofilms with Lantibiotics and Other Groups of Bacteriocins","volume":"4","author":"Mathur","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"130","article-title":"New Developments in RiPP Discovery, Enzymology and Engineering","volume":"38","author":"Scott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2014.07.024","article-title":"Optimization of Tetrazolium Salt Assay for Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Biofilm Using Microtiter Plate Method","volume":"105","author":"Sabaeifard","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsle.2004.09.027","article-title":"Investigation of Morphological Changes to Staphylococcus Aureus Induced by Ovine-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides Using TEM and AFM","volume":"240","author":"Anderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1098","article-title":"Antimicrobial Peptides: Pore Formers or Metabolic Inhibitors in Bacteria?","volume":"3","author":"Brogden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grande Burgos, M.J., Kov\u00e1cs, \u00c1.T., Miro\u0144czuk, A.M., Abriouel, H., G\u00e1lvez, A., and Kuipers, O.P. (2009). Response of Bacillus Cereus ATCC 14579 to Challenges with Sublethal Concentrations of Enterocin AS-48. BMC Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-9-227"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2019.03.003","article-title":"Insights into Chagas Treatment Based on the Potential of Bacteriocin AS-48","volume":"10","author":"Rosales","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2007.03.010","article-title":"Fast, Convenient, and Economical Method for Isolating Genomic DNA from Lactic Acid Bacteria Using a Modification of the Protein \u201cSalting-out\u201d Procedure","volume":"366","author":"Valdivia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montalb\u00e1n-L\u00f3pez, M., Cebri\u00e1n, R., Galera, R., Mingorance, L., Mart\u00edn-Platero, A.M., Valdivia, E., Mart\u00ednez-Bueno, M., and Maqueda, M. (2020). Synergy of the Bacteriocin AS-48 and Antibiotics against Uropathogenic Enterococci. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9090567"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3691","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.8.3691-3701.2002","article-title":"Identification of the Bacterial Microflora in Dairy Products by Temporal Temperature Gradient Gel Electrophoresis","volume":"68","author":"Ogier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2011.12.002","article-title":"Characterization of Functional, Safety, and Probiotic Properties of Enterococcus Faecalis UGRA10, a New AS-48-Producer Strain","volume":"30","author":"Valdivia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2015.03.006","article-title":"The Bacteriocin AS-48 Requires Dimer Dissociation Followed by Hydrophobic Interactions with the Membrane for Antibacterial Activity","volume":"190","author":"Valdivia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2003.00580.x","article-title":"Evaluation of the WIDER I System for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Clinical Isolates of Haemophilus Influenzae and Streptococcus Pneumoniae","volume":"9","author":"Pascual","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2015). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically: M07-A10; Approved Standard, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Ed.; Documents\/Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. [10th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2004.02276.x","article-title":"Effect of Combined Physico-Chemical Preservatives on Enterocin AS-48 Activity against the Enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus Aureus CECT 976 Strain","volume":"97","author":"Ananou","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Markossian, S., Sittampalam, G.S., Grossman, A., Brimacombe, K., Arkin, M., Auld, D., Austin, C.P., Baell, J., Caaveiro, J.M.M., and Chung, T.D.Y. (2004). Cell Viability Assays. Assay Guidance Manual, Eli Lilly & Company and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/10\/8\/925\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:37:13Z","timestamp":1760164633000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/10\/8\/925"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics10080925"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics10080925","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]}}}