{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:39:00Z","timestamp":1792096740191,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"African Centers for Disease Prevention and Contrl","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Africa, there is dearth of information on antimicrobial use (AMU) in agriculture and food production systems and its consequential resistance in pathogens that affect animal, human and environmental health. Data published between 1980 and 2021 on the magnitude of AMU and AMR in agriculture and food productions systems in Africa were reviewed. Data from 13\u201327 countries in Africa indicate that 3558\u20134279 tonnes of antimicrobials were used in animals from 2015 to 2019. Tetracyclines and polypeptides contributed the largest proportion of antimicrobials used. Cattle and poultry production account for the largest consumption of antimicrobials in Africa. Although limited studies have reported AMR in crops, fish and beekeeping, AMR from a variety of farm animals has been substantially documented in Africa. Some countries in Africa have developed policies\/plans to address AMU and AMR in agriculture and food production systems; however, their enforcement is challenged by weak regulations. In conclusion, although there is limited information on the quantities of antimicrobials used in agriculture and food production system, the levels of AMR are high. There is a need to strengthen regulatory authorities with a capacity to monitor AMU in agriculture and food production systems in Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10080976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T05:34:46Z","timestamp":1628832886000},"page":"976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Agriculture and Food Production Systems in Africa: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7526-6271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen E.","family":"Mshana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 65125, Tanzania"},{"name":"Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1424, Mwanza 33109, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calvin","family":"Sindato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 65125, Tanzania"},{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 482, Tabora 45026, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mecky I.","family":"Matee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 65125, Tanzania"},{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5746-3776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonard E. G.","family":"Mboera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 65125, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"World population prospects","volume":"141","author":"Parant","year":"1990","journal-title":"Futuribles"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3828\/idpr.2012.9","article-title":"Getting the policy right: Urban agriculture in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","volume":"34","author":"Schmidt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Dev. Plan. 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