{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T04:12:51Z","timestamp":1774584771168,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]],"date-time":"2021-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salmonella spp. is one of the most common foodborne pathogens in humans. Here, we summarize the laboratory surveillance data of human non-typhoidal salmonellosis in Greece for 2003\u20132020. The total number of samples declined over the study period (p &lt; 0.001). Of the 193 identified serotypes, S. Enteritidis was the most common (52.8%), followed by S. Typhimurium (11.5%), monophasic S. Typhimurium 1,4,[5],12:i:- (4.4%), S. Bovismorbificans (3.4%) and S. Oranienburg (2.4%). The isolation rate of S. Enteritidis declined (p &lt; 0.001), followed by an increase of the less common serotypes. Monophasic S. Typhimurium has been among the five most frequently identified serotypes every year since it was first identified in 2007. Overall, Salmonella isolates were resistant to penicillins (11%); aminoglycosides (15%); tetracyclines (12%); miscellaneous agents (sulphonamides, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol and streptomycin) (12%) and third-generation cephalosporins (2%). No isolate was resistant to carbapenems. In total, 2070 isolates (24%) were resistant to one or two antimicrobial classes and 903 (10%) to three and more. Out of the 1166 isolates resistant to fluoroquinolones (13%), 845 (72%) were S. Enteritidis. S. Enteritidis was also the most frequently identified serotype with a resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (37%, 62\/166), followed by S. Typhimurium (12%, 20\/166). MDR was most frequently identified for S. Typhimurium and its monophasic variant (resistant phenotype of ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline and sulphamethoxazole with or without chloramphenicol or trimethoprim).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10080983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]],"date-time":"2021-08-15T21:43:55Z","timestamp":1629063835000},"page":"983","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Diversity and Resistance Profiles of Human Non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. in Greece, 2003\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0065-5766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kassiani","family":"Mellou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Organization, 15123 Maroussi, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Gkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Organization, 15123 Maroussi, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Panagiotidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Centre for <i>Salmonella<\/i>, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 11521 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myrsini","family":"Tzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Veterinary Directorate, Hellenic Ministry of Rural Development and Food, 10176 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theologia","family":"Sideroglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Organization, 15123 Maroussi, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Mandilara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Centre for <i>Salmonella<\/i>, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 11521 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109201","article-title":"Survival and transcriptomic response of Salmonella enterica on fresh-cut fruits","volume":"348","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Cretu, C., Horhogea, C., R\u00eembu, C., and Ionel, B. (2021, August 08). The Assessment of the Microbial Contamination of Chilled Poultry Meat from the Commercial Network. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/323991178_the_assessment_of_the_microbial_contamination_of_chilled_poultry_meat_from_the_commercial_network."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"465","article-title":"Review Article Salmonella: A foodborne pathogen","volume":"18","author":"Pui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Food Res. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority, and European Centre for Disease Prevention Control (2021). The European Union One Health 2019 Zoonoses Report. EFSA J., 19, e06406.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2021.6406"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Havelaar, A.H., Kirk, M.D., Torgerson, P.R., Gibb, H.J., Hald, T., Lake, R.J., Praet, N., Bellinger, D.C., de Silva, N.R., and Gargouri, N. (2015). World Health Organization Global Estimates and Regional Comparisons of the Burden of Foodborne Disease in 2010. PLoS Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001923"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"WHO (2021, August 08). Estimates of the Global Burden of Foodborne Diseases: Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group 2007\u20132015. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/199350\/9789241565165_eng.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"WHO (2021, August 08). List of Critically Important Antimicrobials for Human Medicine 3rd Revision. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/77376\/9789241504485_eng.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"National Public Health Organization (2021, August 08). Epidemiological Data for Salmonellosis (Non Typhoid\/Paratyphoid) in Greece, 2004\u20132019; 2020, Available online: https:\/\/eody.gov.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Epidemiological-data-for-typhoid-paratyphoid-fever-Greece-2004-2019.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mellou, K., Sideroglou, T., Kallimani, A., Potamiti-Komi, M., Pervanidou, D., Lillakou, E., Georgakopoulou, T., Mandilara, G., Lambiri, M., and Vatopoulos, A. (2013). Evaluation of underreporting of salmonellosis and shigellosis hospitalised cases in Greece, 2011: Results of a capture-recapture study and a hospital registry review. BMC Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-875"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Eurosurveillance Editorial Team (2012). The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2010. Eurosurveillance, 17, 2597."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzani, M., Mandilara, G., Dias, J.G., Sideroglou, T., Chrysostomou, A., and Mellou, K. (2021). Impact of Salmonella Control Programmes in Poultry on Human Salmonellosis Burden in Greece. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10020121"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority, and European Centre for Disease Prevention Control (2017). The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2016. EFSA J., 15, e05077.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.5077"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority, and European Centre for Disease Prevention Control (2018). The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2017. EFSA J., 16, e05500.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2018.5500"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority, and European Centre for Disease Prevention Control (2019). The European Union One Health 2018 Zoonoses Report. EFSA J., 17, e05926.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2019.5926"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Cretu, C., Ionel, B., Mihai, O., and Mihai, C.-C. (2021, August 08). Determining Pathogenicity Strains of Salmonella spp. Isolated from the Carcasses of Poultry. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/323998291_determining_pathogenicity_strains_of_salmonella_spp_isolated_from_the_carcasses_of_poultry."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114S","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.94.s1.13.x","article-title":"The rise and fall of Salmonella Enteritidis in the UK","volume":"94","author":"Cogan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20496","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.18.22.20496-en","article-title":"Phenotypic and molecular characterisation of multiresistant monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium (1,4,[5],12:i:-) in Greece, 2006 to 2011","volume":"18","author":"Mandilara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandilara, G., Sideroglou, T., Chrysostomou, A., Rentifis, I., Papadopoulos, T., Polemis, M., Tzani, M., Tryfinopoulou, K., and Mellou, K. (2021). The Rising Burden of Salmonellosis Caused by Monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium (1,4,[5],12:i:-) in Greece and New Food Vehicles. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10020185"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tennant, S.M., Diallo, S., Levy, H., Livio, S., Sow, S.O., Tapia, M., Fields, P.I., Mikoleit, M., Tamboura, B., and Kotloff, K.L. (2010). Identification by PCR of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars associated with invasive infections among febrile patients in Mali. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000621"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2013.04.001","article-title":"Prevalence, serotypes and resistance patterns of Salmonella in Danish pig production","volume":"95","author":"Arguello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3230","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey189","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro evaluation of tissue colonization and survival capacity of Salmonella Oranienburg in laying hens","volume":"97","author":"Babu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17-00335","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.1.17-00335","article-title":"Outbreak of Salmonella Bovismorbificans associated with the consumption of uncooked ham products, the Netherlands, 2016 to 2017","volume":"23","author":"Brandwagt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"w14182","article-title":"Cross-border outbreak of Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar Bovismorbificans: Multiple approaches for an outbreak investigation in Germany and Switzerland","volume":"145","author":"Knoblauch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Swiss Med. Wkly."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Werber, D., Dreesman, J., Feil, F., van Treeck, U., Fell, G., Ethelberg, S., Hauri, A.M., Roggentin, P., Prager, R., and Fisher, I.S. (2005). International outbreak of Salmonella Oranienburg due to German chocolate. BMC Infect. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-5-7"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2021, August 08). Salmonellosis. In ECDC. Annual Epidemiological Report for 2017. Stockholm: ECDC, Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/salmonellosis-annual-epidemiological-report-2017.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/6.4.203","article-title":"Enteric and foodborne disease in children: A review of the influence of food- and environment-related risk factors","volume":"6","author":"Sockett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"20143085","article-title":"Evolution of the immune system in humans from infancy to old age","volume":"282","author":"Simon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/21553769.2015.1051243","article-title":"Salmonella: A review on pathogenesis, epidemiology and antibiotic resistance","volume":"8","author":"Eng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02109-16","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02109-16","article-title":"The Cytolethal Distending Toxin Produced by Nontyphoidal Salmonella Serotypes Javiana, Montevideo, Oranienburg, and Mississippi Induces DNA Damage in a Manner Similar to That of Serotype Typhi","volume":"7","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-015-0065-1","article-title":"Characterization of the cytolethal distending toxin (typhoid toxin) in non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars","volume":"7","author":"Bowen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2017.2403","article-title":"Health Outcomes from Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Infections in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"15","author":"Parisi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2897","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02549-05","article-title":"Clonal emergence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (CTX-M-2)-producing Salmonella enterica serovar Virchow isolates with reduced susceptibilities to ciprofloxacin among poultry and humans in Belgium and France (2000 to 2003)","volume":"44","author":"Bertrand","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1601.090729","article-title":"Ceftiofur resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg from chicken meat and humans, Canada","volume":"16","author":"Dutil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.07.033","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic nontyphoidal Salmonella: An alarming trend?","volume":"22","author":"Michael","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority, and European Centre for Disease Prevention Control (2021). The European Union Summary Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2018\/2019. EFSA J., 19, e06490.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2021.6490"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3411","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01287-15","article-title":"Development of a Pefloxacin Disk Diffusion Method for Detection of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Salmonella enterica","volume":"53","author":"Skov","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Grimont, P.A., and Weill, F.X. (2007). Antigenic Formulae of the Salmonella Serovars, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella and Institut Pasteur. [9th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2021, August 08). CDC-Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Available online: https:\/\/clsi.org\/standards\/products\/microbiology\/."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2021, August 08). EUCAST\u2014European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Available online: https:\/\/www.eucast.org\/."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"ECDC (2021, August 08). EU Protocol for Harmonised Monitoring of Antimicrobial Resistance in Human Salmonella and Campylobacter Isolates, Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/en\/publications\/Publications\/antimicrobial-resistance-Salmonella-Campylobacter-harmonised-monitoring.pdf."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/10\/8\/983\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:46:27Z","timestamp":1760165187000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/10\/8\/983"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics10080983"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics10080983","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]]}}}