{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T04:58:57Z","timestamp":1787288337226,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]],"date-time":"2021-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51977174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51977174"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Systemic infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are life-threatening due to their strong multidrug resistance, especially since the biofilms formed by MRSA are more difficult to inactivate by antibiotics, causing long term recurrence of infection. Plasma-activated saline (PAS), a derived form of cold atmospheric-pressure plasma, can effectively inactivate bacteria and cancer cells and has been applied to sterilization and cancer treatment. Previous studies have demonstrated that the pretreatment of MRSA with PAS could promote the action of antibiotics. Here, the PAS was used as an antibiotic adjuvant to promote the inactivation of MRSA biofilms by rifampicin and vancomycin, and the combined treatment reduced approximately 6.0-log10 MRSA cells in biofilms. The plasma-activated saline and rifampicin synergistically and effectively reduced the systemic infection in the murine model. The histochemical analysis and the blood hematological and biochemical test demonstrated that the combined treatment with plasma-activated saline and rifampicin improved the blood hematological and biochemical parameters of infected mice by reducing the infection. Therefore, PAS based on plasma technology represents a new strategy for the treatment of infectious disease caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria and alleviating antibiotic resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10081018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]],"date-time":"2021-08-22T21:42:12Z","timestamp":1629668532000},"page":"1018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Plasma-Activated Saline Promotes Antibiotic Treatment of Systemic Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Lu","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulimire","family":"Niyazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqian","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingling","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zifeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dingxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"BSR20192354","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20192354","article-title":"A novel antimicrobial polymer efficiently treats multidrug-resistant MRSA-induced bloodstream infection","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2010.0193","article-title":"Increasing Role of Staphylococcus aureus and Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections in the United States: A 10-Year Trend of Replacement and Expansion","volume":"17","author":"Mera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1086\/646432","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in U.S. hospitals, 1975\u20131991","volume":"13","author":"Panlilio","year":"1992","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm347","article-title":"Lysostaphin as a treatment for systemic Staphylococcus aureus infection in a mouse model","volume":"60","author":"Chanturiya","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemoth."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0147-4","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An overview of basic and clinical research","volume":"17","author":"Turner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2017.09.016","article-title":"Biofilms: Survival and defense strategy for pathogens","volume":"307","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-015-1960-8","article-title":"Biofilms and human health","volume":"38","author":"Srivastava","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv474","article-title":"Bactericidal effects of polyhexamethylene biguanide against intracellular Staphylococcus aureus EMRSA-15 and USA 300","volume":"71","author":"Kamaruzzaman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemoth."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasigade, J.P., Moulay, A., Lhoste, Y., Tristan, A., Bes, M., Vandenesch, F., Etienne, J., Lina, G., Laurent, F., and Dumitrescu, O. (2011). Impact of sub-inhibitory antibiotics on fibronectin-mediated host cell adhesion and invasion by Staphylococcus aureus. BMC Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-263"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777X.68535","article-title":"Methicillin and Vancomycin Resistant S. aureus in Hospitalized Patients","volume":"2","author":"Loomba","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Glob. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1303359","article-title":"Transferable Vancomycin Resistance in a Community-Associated MRSA Lineage","volume":"370","author":"Rossi","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit614","article-title":"Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Therapy: Past, Present, and Future","volume":"58","author":"Rodvold","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-019-1537-2","article-title":"Development of Chitosan-Based Hydrogel Containing Antibiofilm Agents for the Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus-Infected Burn Wound in Mice","volume":"21","author":"Chhibber","year":"2020","journal-title":"AAPS Pharmscitech"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.10.013","article-title":"Vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity: A critical appraisal of risk with high-dose therapy","volume":"37","author":"Joo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01776-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01776-19","article-title":"Phase I, Dose-Escalating Study of the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Dry-Powder Vancomycin (AeroVanc) in Volunteers and Patients with Cystic Fibrosis: A New Approach to Therapy for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"64","author":"Waterer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2012.12.006","article-title":"Combination approaches to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria","volume":"31","author":"Worthington","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1054","article-title":"Sequencing of superbugs seen as key to combating their spread","volume":"16","author":"Dolgin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/35021219","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms that confer antibacterial drug resistance","volume":"406","author":"Walsh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05041-11","article-title":"Combination therapy for treatment of infections with gram-negative bacteria","volume":"25","author":"Tamma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.16.01002","article-title":"Oral-Only Linezolid-Rifampin Is Highly Effective Compared with Other Antibiotics for Periprosthetic Joint Infection Study of a Mouse Model","volume":"99","author":"Thompson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02061.x","article-title":"Colistin monotherapy vs. combination therapy: Evidence from microbiological, animal and clinical studies","volume":"14","author":"Petrosillo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2016.71","article-title":"Combination therapy combats MRSA","volume":"15","author":"Crunkhorn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40182","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40182","article-title":"A novel chimeric lysin with robust antibacterial activity against planktonic and biofilm methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miro-Canturri, A., Ayerbe-Algaba, R., Jimenez-Mejias, M.E., Pachon, J., and Smani, Y. (2021). Efficacy of Lysophosphatidylcholine as Direct Treatment in Combination with Colistin against Acinetobacter baumannii in Murine Severe Infections Models. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10020194"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S123648","article-title":"Silver-loaded nanotubular structures enhanced bactericidal efficiency of antibiotics with synergistic effect in vitro and in vivo","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12214","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30597-1","article-title":"Wound Healing in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats Using Atmospheric-Pressure Argon Plasma Jet","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134965","article-title":"A systematic study of the antimicrobial mechanisms of cold atmospheric-pressure plasma for water disinfection","volume":"703","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185207","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/ab703a","article-title":"The key reactive species in the bactericidal process of plasma activated water","volume":"53","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2018.05.007","article-title":"Plasma activated water (PAW): Chemistry, physico-chemical properties, applications in food and agriculture","volume":"77","author":"Thirumdas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4878505","article-title":"Array of surface-confined glow discharge at atmospheric helium: Modes and dynamics","volume":"104","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5276","DOI":"10.1039\/C8GC02800A","article-title":"Cold atmospheric plasma activated water as a prospective disinfectant: The crucial role of peroxynitrite","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/ab81cf","article-title":"Plasma-activated water: Generation, origin of reactive species and biological applications","volume":"53","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS.2003.808884","article-title":"Electrically efficient production of a diffuse nonthermal atmospheric plasma","volume":"31","author":"Kong","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495201","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/48\/49\/495201","article-title":"Physicochemical processes in the indirect interaction between surface air plasma and deionized water","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3496","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201503771","article-title":"Ozone correlates with antibacterial effects from indirect air dielectric barrier discharge treatment of water","volume":"22","author":"Gorbanev","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28505","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28505","article-title":"Bactericidal Effects against S-aureus and Physicochemical Properties of Plasma Activated Water stored at different temperatures","volume":"6","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S159243","article-title":"Plasma-activated water: A new and effective alternative for duodenoscope reprocessing","volume":"11","author":"Balan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2000206","DOI":"10.1002\/ppap.202000206","article-title":"The use of plasma-activated water in viticulture: Induction of resistance and agronomic performance in greenhouse and open field","volume":"18","author":"Laurita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plasma Process. Polym."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1021\/ie402766t","article-title":"Hydrogen Peroxide Generation in Low Power Pulsed Water Spray Plasma Reactors","volume":"53","author":"Wandell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3184","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b05108","article-title":"Sterilization Efficiency of a Novel Electrochemical Disinfectant against Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"50","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"602","article-title":"Bacterial Inhibition Effect of Plasma Activated Water","volume":"71","author":"Vlad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rom. Rep. Phys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17297","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74504-z","article-title":"Antimicrobial effects of airborne acoustic ultrasound and plasma activated water from cold and thermal plasma systems on biofilms","volume":"10","author":"Charoux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02836-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02836-17","article-title":"Inactivation Efficacy of Nonthermal Plasma-Activated Solutions against Newcastle Disease Virus","volume":"84","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001232","article-title":"Discharge Plasma-Activated Saline Protects against Abdominal Sepsis by Promoting Bacterial Clearance","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-016-5759-1","article-title":"Intraperitoneal Administration of Plasma-Activated Medium: Proposal of a Novel Treatment Option for Peritoneal Metastasis From Gastric Cancer","volume":"24","author":"Takeda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00537","article-title":"Gas Plasma Pre-treatment Increases Antibiotic Sensitivity and Persister Eradication in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201500471","article-title":"Biodegradable Antimicrobial Polycarbonates with In Vivo Efficacy against Multidrug-Resistant MRSA Systemic Infection","volume":"4","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.11.156","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection is associated with increased mortality","volume":"7","author":"Otto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.11.011","article-title":"Vancomycin MIC creep in MRSA isolates from 1997 to 2008 in a healthcare region in Hong Kong","volume":"60","author":"Ho","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05410-1","article-title":"Linezolid resistance in a clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"358","author":"Tsiodras","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir935","article-title":"The Clinical Significance of Vancomycin Minimum Inhibitory Concentration in Staphylococcus aureus Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Lodise","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61219-2","article-title":"First case of infection with vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Europe","volume":"382","author":"Resina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00619","article-title":"Antibacterial Activity and Mechanism of Action of Aspidinol Against Multi-Drug-Resistant Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"9","author":"Hua","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30753-3","article-title":"Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: The WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis","volume":"18","author":"Tacconelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01781-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01781-20","article-title":"Engineering of Long-Circulating Peptidoglycan Hydrolases Enables Efficient Treatment of Systemic Staphylococcus aureus Infection","volume":"11","author":"Sobieraj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mbio"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.01.034","article-title":"Contributions of reactive oxygen species, oxidative DNA damage and glutathione depletion to the sensitivity of Acinetobacter baumannii to 2-(2-nitrovinyl) furan","volume":"128","author":"Ajiboye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2807","article-title":"Oxidative DNA damage and in vivo mutagenicity caused by reactive oxygen species generated in the livers of p53-proficient or -deficient gpt delta mice treated with non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens","volume":"33","author":"Tasaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl.Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2014.06.121","article-title":"Protein damage and reactive oxygen species generation induced by the synergistic effects of ultrasound and methylene blue","volume":"134","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12945","article-title":"From microbiology to cancer biology: The Rid protein family prevents cellular damage caused by endogenously generated reactive nitrogen species","volume":"96","author":"Downs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, D.H., Wang, S., Li, B., Qi, M., Feng, R., Li, Q.S., Zhang, H., Chen, H.L., and Kong, M.G. (2020). Effects of Plasma-Activated Water on Skin Wound Healing in Mice. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8071091"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.9b00125","article-title":"Plasma Activated Oil: Fast Production, Reactivity, Stability, and Wound Healing Application","volume":"5","author":"Zou","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12018","article-title":"Low-temperature plasmas at atmospheric pressure: Toward new pharmaceutical treatments in medicine","volume":"28","author":"Yousfi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4099","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40637-z","article-title":"Plasma-activated medium triggers cell death and the presentation of immune activating danger signals in melanoma and pancreatic cancer cells","volume":"9","author":"Azzariti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1159\/000485089","article-title":"Antioxidants Maintain Cellular Redox Homeostasis by Elimination of Reactive Oxygen Species","volume":"44","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3769","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5b12848","article-title":"Real-Time Discrimination and Versatile Profiling of Spontaneous Reactive Oxygen Species in Living Organisms with a Single Fluorescent Probe","volume":"138","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702026","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201702026","article-title":"Functionalized Gold Nanoclusters Identify Highly Reactive Oxygen Species in Living Organisms","volume":"28","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425202","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/ab32c9","article-title":"Eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms by surface discharge plasmas with various working gases","volume":"52","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/10\/8\/1018\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:49:05Z","timestamp":1760165345000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/10\/8\/1018"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics10081018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics10081018","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]]}}}