{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T14:56:27Z","timestamp":1790434587065,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This work was supported by statutory funds of the Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences.","award":["statutory funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["statutory funds"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial sexually transmitted infections (BSTIs) are becoming increasingly significant with the approach of a post-antibiotic era. While treatment options dwindle, the transmission of many notable BSTIs, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Treponema pallidum, continues to increase. Bacteriophage therapy has been utilized in Poland, Russia and Georgia in the treatment of bacterial illnesses, but not in the treatment of bacterial sexually transmitted infections. With the ever-increasing likelihood of antibiotic resistance prevailing and the continuous transmission of BSTIs, alternative treatments must be explored. This paper discusses the potentiality and practicality of phage therapy to treat BSTIs, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum, Streptococcus agalactiae, Haemophilus ducreyi, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma parvum, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei. The challenges associated with the potential for phage in treatments vary for each bacterial sexually transmitted infection. Phage availability, bacterial structure and bacterial growth may impact the potential success of future phage treatments. Additional research is needed before BSTIs can be successfully clinically treated with phage therapy or phage-derived enzymes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10091030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T22:12:22Z","timestamp":1629843142000},"page":"1030","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Potential for Phages in the Treatment of Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Cater","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences (HIIET PAS), 53-114 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryszard","family":"Mi\u0119dzybrodzki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences (HIIET PAS), 53-114 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Phage Therapy Unit, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences (HIIET PAS), 53-114 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Transplantation Institute, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Morozova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Ac. Lavrentyev\u2019s Prospekt 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Letkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Jan D\u0142ugosz University in Cz\u0119stochowa, 42-200 Cz\u0119stochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzanna","family":"\u0141usiak-Szelachowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences (HIIET PAS), 53-114 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9041-3049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"R\u0119kas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences (HIIET PAS), 53-114 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Weber-D\u0105browska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences (HIIET PAS), 53-114 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Phage Therapy Unit, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences (HIIET PAS), 53-114 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0863-6041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"G\u00f3rski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences (HIIET PAS), 53-114 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Phage Therapy Unit, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences (HIIET PAS), 53-114 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Infant Jesus Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-005 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Antibiotics and bacterial resistance in the 21st century","volume":"6","author":"Fair","year":"2014","journal-title":"Perspect. 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