{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:31:27Z","timestamp":1787027487268,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Enterococcus is an important cause of infection in the hospital as well as in the community. Methods: A prospective study was done in Medical College, Kolkata for a period of 2 years (from January 2018 to December 2019). After obtaining clearance from the Institutional Ethics Committee, Enterococcus isolates from cases of vaginitis were included in the study. Identification of Enterococcus species was done by Gram stain and conventional biochemical tests along with automated identification by VITEK 2 Compact. These isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility to different antibiotics by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by VITEK 2 Compact. Interpretation of susceptibility was done according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2017 guidelines. Biofilm detection for Enterococcus species was done. Results: During the period of 2 years, 39 isolates of Enterococcus spp. were obtained from vaginitis cases. Among these, 27 were Enterococcus faecalis and 12 Enterococcus faecium. All isolates were highly susceptible to vancomycin, teicoplanin, and linezolid. Biofilm was detected in eight isolates of which five were strong biofilm producer and three moderate biofilm producers. Conclusion: Biofilm production is an important virulence factor in Enterococcus isolates from vaginitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10091082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T10:24:25Z","timestamp":1631010265000},"page":"1082","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Biofilm Producing Enterococcus Isolates from Vaginal Microbiota"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1246-4334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mallika","family":"Sengupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Kalyani, Kalyani 741245, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soma","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, NRS Medical College, Kolkata 700014, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manideepa","family":"SenGupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Medical College, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sougata","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Medical College, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2051-9120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riya","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intermediate Reference Laboratory for Tuberculosis, Kolkata 700010, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parthajit","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, KPC Medical College, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"807","article-title":"Vaginitis: Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"83","author":"Hainer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00078","article-title":"Vaginal Microbiomes Associated with Aerobic Vaginitis and Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"6","author":"Kaambo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-020-01464-4","article-title":"Vaginal microbiota and the potential of Lactobacillus derivatives in maintaining vaginal health","volume":"19","author":"Chee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-020-0347-4","article-title":"Microbiota in vaginal health and pathogenesis of recurrent vulvovaginal infections: A critical review","volume":"19","author":"Kalia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/00006205-199910000-00004","article-title":"Treating vaginitis","volume":"24","author":"Cullins","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nurse Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13220","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13220","article-title":"Fertility factors affect the vaginal microbiome in women of reproductive age","volume":"83","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462420913435","article-title":"Aerobic vaginitis\u2014An underdiagnosed cause of vaginal discharge\u2014Narrative review","volume":"31","author":"Sonthalia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"143","article-title":"Epidemiology and resistance trends of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from vaginal samples: A 10-year retrospective study in Hungary","volume":"28","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol. Alp. Pannonica Adriat."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2010.11.2229","article-title":"Vaginitis: Diagnosis and management","volume":"122","author":"Quan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-012-2571-4","article-title":"Aerobic vaginitis and mixed infections: Comparison of clinical and laboratory findings","volume":"287","author":"Fan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.3.1.46","article-title":"The life and times of the Enterococcus","volume":"3","author":"Murray","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.159309","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of vancomycin resistant enterococci to newer antimicrobial agents","volume":"141","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1178633719882929","article-title":"Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis in Hospital-Acquired Surgical Wound Infections and Bacteremia: Concomitant Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes","volume":"12","author":"Esmail","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1086\/528867","article-title":"Pandrug Resistance (PDR), Extensive Drug Resistance (XDR), and Multidrug Resistance (MDR) among Gram-Negative Bacilli: Need for International Harmonization in Terminology","volume":"46","author":"Falagas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uru\u00e9n, C., Chopo-Escuin, G., Tommassen, J., Mainar-Jaime, R.C., and Arenas, J. (2020). Biofilms as Promoters of Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance and Tolerance. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10010003"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00013-14","article-title":"Biofilm-related infections: Bridging the gap between clinical management and fundamental aspects of recalcitrance toward antibiotics","volume":"78","author":"Lebeaux","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2017.1291579","article-title":"Etiology of bacterial vaginosis and polymicrobial biofilm formation","volume":"43","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00270-20","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00270-20","article-title":"Genome-Wide Mutagenesis Identifies Factors Involved in Enterococcus faecalis Vaginal Adherence and Persistence","volume":"88","author":"Alhajjar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shridhar, S., and Dhanashree, B. (2020, June 26). Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Biofilm Formation in Clinical Isolates of Enterococcus spp.. Available online: https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/ipid\/2019\/7854968\/.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7854968"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/10647440300025513","article-title":"Inhibition of Vaginal Lactobacilli by a Bacteriocin-Like Inhibitor Produced by Enterococcus faecium 62-6: Potential Significance for Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"11","author":"Kelly","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00326","article-title":"Diversity of Vaginal Microbiome in Pregnancy: Deciphering the Obscurity","volume":"8","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-9668.160018","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance pattern of Enterococci isolates from nosocomial infections in a tertiary care hospital in Eastern India","volume":"6","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nat. Sci. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.178619","article-title":"Drug resistance in Enterococcus species in a tertiary level hospital in Assam, India","volume":"143","author":"Barman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3484","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-6012.ijrms20173546","article-title":"Characterization, speciation and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Enterococcus species isolated from clinical specimens at a rural tertiary care hospital","volume":"5","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1086\/320542","article-title":"Clinical and Epidemiological Features of Enterococcus casseliflavus\/flavescens and Enterococcus gallinarum Bacteremia: A Report of 20 Cases","volume":"32","author":"Reid","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Me\u0161trovi\u0107, T., Matija\u0161i\u0107, M., Peri\u0107, M., \u010cip\u010di\u0107 Paljetak, H., Bare\u0161i\u0107, A., and Verbanac, D. (2020). The Role of Gut, Vaginal, and Urinary Microbiome in Urinary Tract Infections: From Bench to Bedside. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11010007"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.UTI-0012-2012","article-title":"Gram-Positive Uropathogens, Polymicrobial Urinary Tract Infection, and the Emerging Microbiota of the Urinary Tract","volume":"4","author":"Kline","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2014.08.007","article-title":"Emergence of multidrug resistant enterococci at a tertiary care centre","volume":"71","author":"Bhatt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. J. Armed Forces India"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"549","article-title":"Phenotypic & genotypic characterization of vancomycin resistant Enterococcus isolates from clinical specimens","volume":"138","author":"Praharaj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"981","article-title":"Drug resistance & virulence determinants in clinical isolates of Enterococcus species","volume":"137","author":"Fernandes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-0770.127416","article-title":"The first linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecium in India: High level resistance in a patient with no previous antibiotic exposure","volume":"4","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Avicenna J. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01438","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance-Susceptibility Profiles of Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus spp. From the Human Vagina, and Genome Analysis of the Genetic Basis of Intrinsic and Acquired Resistances","volume":"11","author":"Sirichoat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, L., Cox, C.R., and Sarkar, S.K. (2019). Matrix metalloprotease-1 inhibits and disrupts Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210218"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01182-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01182-17","article-title":"Molecular Determinants of the Thickened Matrix in a Dual-Species Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm","volume":"83","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2015_1147","article-title":"Comparison of antibiotic resistance and virulence between biofilm-producing and non-producing clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecium","volume":"62","author":"Wieczorek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Pol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2018.0221","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilm Formation in Enterococcus spp. Isolated from Humans and Turkeys in Poland","volume":"25","author":"Burdzy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/10\/9\/1082\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:58:17Z","timestamp":1760165897000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/10\/9\/1082"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics10091082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics10091082","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]}}}