{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T20:46:10Z","timestamp":1778186770965,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010221","name":"Higher Education Commision, Pakistan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4774"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4774"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010221","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI143792"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI143792"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR002529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002529"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a multi-drug resistant and opportunistic pathogen. The emergence of new clones of MRSA in both healthcare settings and the community warrants serious attention and epidemiological surveillance. However, epidemiological data of MRSA isolates from Pakistan are limited. We performed a whole-genome-based comparative analysis of two (P10 and R46) MRSA strains isolated from two provinces of Pakistan to understand the genetic diversity, sequence type (ST), and distribution of virulence and antibiotic-resistance genes. The strains belong to ST113 and harbor the SCCmec type IV encoding mecA gene. Both the strains contain two plasmids, and three and two complete prophage sequences are present in P10 and R46, respectively. The specific antibiotic resistance determinants in P10 include two aminoglycoside-resistance genes, aph(3\u2019)-IIIa and aad(6), a streptothrin-resistance gene sat-4, a tetracycline-resistance gene tet(K), a mupirocin-resistance gene mupA, a point mutation in fusA conferring resistance to fusidic acid, and in strain R46 a specific plasmid associated gene ant(4\u2019)-Ib. The strains harbor many virulence factors common to MRSA. However, no Panton-Valentine leucocidin (lukF-PV\/lukS-PV) or toxic shock syndrome toxin (tsst) genes were detected in any of the genomes. The phylogenetic relationship of P10 and R46 with other prevailing MRSA strains suggests that ST113 strains are closely related to ST8 strains and ST113 strains are a single-locus variant of ST8. These findings provide important information concerning the emerging MRSA clone ST113 in Pakistan and the sequenced strains can be used as reference strains for the comparative genomic analysis of other MRSA strains in Pakistan and ST113 strains globally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10091121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T21:23:29Z","timestamp":1631913809000},"page":"1121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Genomic Investigation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST113 Strains Isolated from Tertiary Care Hospitals in Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7138-1272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nimat","family":"Ullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0667-5653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamza Arshad","family":"Dar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kanwal","family":"Naz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saadia","family":"Andleeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0393-5384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Tariq","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Modeling and Simulation (RCMS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fazal","family":"Hanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Saidu Medical College, Saidu Sharif, Swat 19200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taeok","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine-Northwest, 3400 Broadway, Gary, IN 46408, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0486-4661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amjad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S192611","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes profiling and molecular relatedness of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from hospitalized patients in Guangdong Province, China","volume":"12","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00714","article-title":"Prevalence, Virulence Genes, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Genetic Diversity of Staphylococcus aureus from Retail Aquatic Products in China","volume":"8","author":"Rong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.09.015","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing of a new sequence type (ST5352) strain of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from a hospital in Pakistan","volume":"19","author":"Ullah","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00856","article-title":"Detection of Bacteriophage Particles Containing Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Sputum of Cystic Fibrosis Patients","volume":"9","author":"Gartner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fux007","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Current status and future prospects","volume":"41","author":"Foster","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.04.035","article-title":"Prevalence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus in wastewater treatment plants by whole genomic sequencing","volume":"158","author":"Amirsoleimani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03526.x","article-title":"Autoinduction and signal transduction in the regulation of staphylococcal virulence","volume":"48","author":"Novick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, C., Neoh, H.-M., and Nathan, S. (2016). Targeting Staphylococcus aureus Toxins: A Potential form of Anti-Virulence Therapy. Toxins, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8030072"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.043513-0","article-title":"Current concepts on the virulence mechanisms of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"61","author":"Watkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00227-X","article-title":"Secrets of success of a human pathogen: Molecular evolution of pandemic clones of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"2","author":"Oliveira","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.118.200314","article-title":"Whole Genome Sequence and Comparative Genomics Analysis of Multi-drug Resistant Environmental Staphylococcus epidermidis ST59","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"G3 Genes Genomes Genet."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.03.013","article-title":"Novel SCCmec type XIII (9A) identified in an ST152 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"61","author":"Baig","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.65.502","article-title":"Comparison of Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from a Tertiary Hospital in Terengganu, Malaysia","volume":"65","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7597","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01692-15","article-title":"Novel type XII staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec harboring a new cassette chromosome recombinase, CcrC2","volume":"59","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06094-11","article-title":"Multilocus Sequence Typing of Total-Genome-Sequenced Bacteria","volume":"50","author":"Larsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06354-11","article-title":"Emergence of Hospital- and Community-Associated Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-Positive Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Genotype ST772-MRSA-V in Ireland and Detailed Investigation of an ST772-MRSA-V Cluster in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit","volume":"50","author":"Brennan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, S., Marasa, B., Sung, K., and Nawaz, M. (2021). Genotypic Characterization of Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from Pakistan. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10080918"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.014910-0","article-title":"Epidemiological typing of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Pakistan and India","volume":"59","author":"Shabir","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.022707-0","article-title":"Prevalent genotypes of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Report from Pakistan","volume":"60","author":"Zafar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-016-2695-8","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates causing skin and soft tissue infections in patients from Malakand, Pakistan","volume":"35","author":"Madzgalla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Arfat, Y. (2013). Genotyping of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from Local Hospital of Rawalpindi\/Islamabad, Pakistan, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit546","article-title":"Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections among patients on chronic dialysis in the United States, 2005\u20132011","volume":"57","author":"Nguyen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1160","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus: An Overview of Discovery, Characteristics, Epidemiology, Virulence Factors and Antimicrobial Sensitivity","volume":"8","author":"Rasheed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Mol. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00020-18","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00020-18","article-title":"Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Molecular Characterization, Evolution, and Epidemiology","volume":"31","author":"Lakhundi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Preeja, P., Kumar, S., and Shetty, V. (2021). Prevalence and Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Community- and Hospital-Associated Infections: A Tertiary Care Center Study. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10020197"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05441.x","article-title":"Prophages of Staphylococcus aureus Newman and their contribution to virulence","volume":"62","author":"Bae","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02219","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus ST398 Virulence Is Associated With Factors Carried on Prophage \u03d5Sa3","volume":"10","author":"Kashif","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, C., Costa, S., Serrano, M., Oliveira, K., Trigueiro, G., Pomba, C., and Couto, I. (2021). Clonal Lineages, Antimicrobial Resistance, and PVL Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus Associated to Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections from Ambulatory Patients in Portugal. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10040345"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Stevens, D.L., Hamilton, S.M., Parimon, T., Ma, Y., Kearns, A.M., Ellis, R.W., Bryant, A.E., and Fatal, S. (2011). aureus Hemorrhagic Pneumonia: Genetic Analysis of a Unique Clinical Isolate Producing both PVL and TSST-1. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027246"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.304.4946","article-title":"Molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from tertiary care hospitals","volume":"30","author":"Asghar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01822-07","article-title":"Genotypic Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from a Multinational Trial of Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections","volume":"46","author":"Campbell","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.05.017","article-title":"First report of mecC gene in clinical methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) from tertiary care hospital Islamabad, Pakistan","volume":"13","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.2.620-630.2002","article-title":"Fibronectin-Binding Proteins of Staphylococcus aureus Are Involved in Adherence to Human Airway Epithelium","volume":"70","author":"Mongodin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw444","article-title":"Life after USA300: The rise and fall of a superbug","volume":"215","author":"Planet","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9041636","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9041636","article-title":"Biochemical and Molecular Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates from Hospitalized Patients","volume":"2016","author":"Karmakar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S293","DOI":"10.12980\/APJTB.4.2014C423","article-title":"PCR-based identification of methicillin\u2013resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains and their antibiotic resistance profiles","volume":"4","author":"Pournajaf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021","article-title":"SPAdes: A new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing","volume":"19","author":"Bankevich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6614","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw569","article-title":"NCBI prokaryotic genome annotation pipeline","volume":"44","author":"Tatusova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp356","article-title":"Reordering contigs of draft genomes using the Mauve Aligner","volume":"25","author":"Rissman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grant, J.R., Arantes, A.S., and Stothard, P. (2012). Comparing thousands of circular genomes using the CGView Comparison Tool. BMC Genomics, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-13-202"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W16","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw387","article-title":"PHASTER: A better, faster version of the PHAST phage search tool","volume":"44","author":"Arndt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3895","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02412-14","article-title":"In Silico Detection and Typing of Plasmids using PlasmidFinder and Plasmid Multilocus Sequence Typing","volume":"58","author":"Carattoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa345","article-title":"ResFinder 4.0 for predictions of phenotypes from genotypes","volume":"75","author":"Bortolaia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3348","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00419-13","article-title":"The Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database","volume":"57","author":"McArthur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D325","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki008","article-title":"VFDB: A reference database for bacterial virulence factors","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomsen, M.C.F., Ahrenfeldt, J., Cisneros, J.L.B., Jurtz, V.I., Larsen, M.V., Hasman, H., Aarestrup, F., and Lund, O. (2016). A Bacterial Analysis Platform: An Integrated System for Analysing Bacterial Whole Genome Sequencing Data for Clinical Diagnostics and Surveillance. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157718"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh340","article-title":"MUSCLE: Multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput","volume":"32","author":"Edgar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","article-title":"MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaas, R.S., Leekitcharoenphon, P., Aarestrup, F., and Lund, O. (2014). Solving the Problem of Comparing Whole Bacterial Genomes across Different Sequencing Platforms. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104984"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Price, M.N., Dehal, P.S., and Arkin, A.P. (2010). FastTree 2\u2014Approximately Maximum-Likelihood Trees for Large Alignments. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009490"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W52","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz333","article-title":"OrthoVenn2: A web server for whole-genome comparison and annotation of orthologous clusters across multiple species","volume":"47","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/10\/9\/1121\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:01:09Z","timestamp":1760166069000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/10\/9\/1121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics10091121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics10091121","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]}}}