{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:00:48Z","timestamp":1790949648507,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fleming Fund - CwPAMS project","award":["00000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains an important global public health issue with antimicrobial misuse and overuse being one of the main drivers. The Global Point Prevalence Survey (G-PPS) of Antimicrobial Consumption and Resistance assesses the prevalence and the quality of antimicrobial prescriptions across hospitals globally. G-PPS was carried out at 17 hospitals across Ghana, Uganda, Zambia and Tanzania. The overall prevalence of antimicrobial use was 50% (30\u201357%), with most antibiotics prescribed belonging to the WHO \u2018Access\u2019 and \u2018Watch\u2019 categories. No \u2018Reserve\u2019 category of antibiotics was prescribed across the study sites while antimicrobials belonging to the \u2018Not Recommended\u2019 group were prescribed infrequently. Antimicrobials were most often prescribed for prophylaxis for obstetric or gynaecological surgery, making up between 12 and 18% of total prescriptions across all countries. The most prescribed therapeutic subgroup of antimicrobials was \u2018Antibacterials for systemic use\u2019. As a result of the programme, PPS data are now readily available for the first time in the hospitals, strengthening the global commitment to improved antimicrobial surveillance. Antimicrobial stewardship interventions developed included the formation of AMS committees, the provision of training and the preparation of new AMS guidelines. Other common interventions included the presentation of findings to clinicians for increased awareness, and the promotion of a multi-disciplinary approach to successful AMS programmes. Repeat PPS would be necessary to continually monitor the impact of interventions implemented. Broader participation is also encouraged to strengthen the evidence base.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10091122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T21:23:29Z","timestamp":1631913809000},"page":"1122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns in Ghana, Uganda, Zambia and Tanzania Hospitals: Results from the Global Point Prevalence Survey (G-PPS) on Antimicrobial Use and Stewardship Interventions Implemented"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Nikki","family":"D\u2019Arcy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Commonwealth Partnerships Programme on Antimicrobial Stewardship, Commonwealth Pharmacists Association, London E1W 1AW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9579-2028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diane","family":"Ashiru-Oredope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Commonwealth Partnerships Programme on Antimicrobial Stewardship, Commonwealth Pharmacists Association, London E1W 1AW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omotayo","family":"Olaoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Commonwealth Partnerships Programme on Antimicrobial Stewardship, Commonwealth Pharmacists Association, London E1W 1AW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8859-3565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Afriyie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department, Ghana Police Hospital, Accra P.O. Box CT104, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainab","family":"Akello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laro Division, Gulu Regional Referral Hospital, Gulu P.O. Box 166, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2447-1830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Ankrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra P.O. Box 77, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derrick Mawuena","family":"Asima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEKMA Hospital, P.M. B Teshie, Nungua, Accra P.O. Box CT104, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Banda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka P.O. Box 50001, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department, North Tyneside Hospital, Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Rake Lane, North Shields NE29 8NH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Brandish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham HP7 0JD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5637-0018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Brayson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department, North Tyneside Hospital, Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Rake Lane, North Shields NE29 8NH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Benedict","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi P.O. Box 3010, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4369-8245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cornelius C.","family":"Dodoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Garraghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Sr.","given":"Josephyn","family":"Hoyelah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Mary\u2019s Hospital Lacor, Gulu P.O. Box 180, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5927-5429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yogini","family":"Jani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Medicines Optimisation Research and Education, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, 250 Euston Road, London NW1 2PG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Freddy Eric","family":"Kitutu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainable Pharmaceutical Systems (SPS) Unit, Pharmacy Department, School of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismail Musoke","family":"Kizito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital, Entebbe P.O. Box 29, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Appiah-Korang","family":"Labi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Department, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra P.O. Box GP 4236, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariyam","family":"Mirfenderesky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust, London N18 1QX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0834-7757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudaxshina","family":"Murdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caoimhe","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Francis Hospital, Katete Private Bag 11, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"Obeng-Nkrumah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Ghana School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, Accra P.O. Box LG 25, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William J\u2019Pathim","family":"Olum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinja Regional Referral Hospital, Jinja P.O. Box 43, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Japheth Awuletey","family":"Opintan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Department, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra P.O. Box GP 4236, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9062-3268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edwin","family":"Panford-Quainoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0106-2118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ines","family":"Pauwels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6963-0519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Israel","family":"Sefah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Keta Municipal Hospital, Keta-Dzelukope P.O. Box WT82, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Sneddon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scottish Antimicrobial Prescribing Group, Healthcare Improvement Scotland, Delta House, 50 West Nile Street, Glasgow G1 2NP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"St. Clair Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3551-6643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann","family":"Versporten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, February 03). 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