{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T22:36:38Z","timestamp":1787783798586,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Knowledge Economy Skills Scholarship 2 (KESS2)","award":["517025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["517025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Often dismissed as a commensal, Mycoplasma hominis is an increasingly prominent target of research due to its role in septic arthritis and organ transplant failure in immunosuppressed patients, particularly lung transplantation. As a mollicute, its highly reductive genome and structure render it refractile to most forms of treatment and growing levels of resistance to the few sources of treatment left, such as fluoroquinolones. We examined antimicrobial susceptibility (AST) to fluoroquinolones on 72 isolates and observed resistance in three (4.1%), with corresponding mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of S83L or E87G in gyrA and S81I or E85V in parC. However, there were high levels of polymorphism identified between all isolates outside of the QRDR, indicating caution for a genomics-led approach for resistance screening, particularly as we observed a further two quinolone-susceptible isolates solely containing gyrA mutation S83L. However, both isolates spontaneously developed a second spontaneous E85K parC mutation and resistance following prolonged incubation in 4 mg\/L levofloxacin for an extra 24\u201348 h. Continued AST surveillance and investigation is required to understand how gyrA QRDR mutations predispose M. hominis to rapid spontaneous mutation and fluoroquinolone resistance, absent from other susceptible isolates. The unusually high prevalence of polymorphisms in M. hominis also warrants increased genomics\u2019 surveillance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10111379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T23:02:41Z","timestamp":1636671761000},"page":"1379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Defining Fluoroquinolone Resistance-Mediating Mutations from Non-Resistance Polymorphisms in Mycoplasma hominis Topoisomerases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"Sharratt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsty","family":"Sands","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK"},{"name":"Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward A. R.","family":"Portal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK"},{"name":"Bacteriology Reference Department, UK Health Security Agency, London NW9 5EQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Boostrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian A.","family":"Mondeja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pedro Kour\u00ed Tropical Medicine Institute, Havana 11400, Cuba"},{"name":"Center for Advance Research of Cuba, Havana CP17100, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1921-2527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia M.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pedro Kour\u00ed Tropical Medicine Institute, Havana 11400, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy C.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Sexual Health, Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Pontypridd CF37 1LB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9117-6911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Owen B.","family":"Spiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK"},{"name":"Bacteriology Reference Department, UK Health Security Agency, London NW9 5EQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab061","article-title":"Are Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma Urealyticum and Ureaplasma Parvum Associated with Specific Genital Symptoms and Clinical Signs in Nonpregnant Women?","volume":"73","author":"Plummer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. 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