{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T16:37:52Z","timestamp":1770136672678,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2R15DE025134-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R15DE025134-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DE02946801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DE02946801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["S10OD025177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S10OD025177"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016478","name":"Carlos and Marguerite Mason Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: The aim of this study was to test whether matrix-bound zoledronate (zol) molecules enhanced the oral biofilm colonization of a mineralized matrix, rendering the alveolar bone more susceptible to medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) following invasive dental procedures. (2) Methods: We tested the effect of matrix-bound zol on the growth and attachment of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) and Actinomyces israelii (Ai), and whether the nitrogen-containing component of zol contributed to such effect. The role of oral bacteria in the induction of osteonecrosis was then tested using an extra-oral bone defect model. (3) Results: The attachment of biofilm to hydroxyapatite discs increased when the discs were pre-treated with zol. Bacterial proliferation was not affected. Matrix-bound zol was more potent than non-nitrogen-containing etidronate in enhancing the colonization. Stimulation was dampened by pre-treating the bacteria with histidine. The delivery of oral biofilm to a tibial defect caused osteonecrosis in zol-treated rats. (4) Conclusions: We conclude that matrix-bound zol enhances the oral biofilm colonization of hydroxyapatite. This enhancement depended on the presence of the nitrogen-containing group. The oral biofilm rendered the extra-oral bone susceptible to medication-related osteonecrosis, suggesting that it has an important role in the induction of MRONJ.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10111380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T23:02:41Z","timestamp":1636671761000},"page":"1380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Matrix-Bound Zolzoledronate Enhances the Biofilm Colonization of Hydroxyapatite: Effects on Osteonecrosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ranya","family":"Elsayed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"El-Awady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Cutler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zoya","family":"Kurago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Elashiry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Bloomquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2344-3579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed M.","family":"Meghil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed E.","family":"Elsalanty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2007.11.035","article-title":"Identification of Microbial Biofilms in Osteonecrosis of the Jaws Secondary to Bisphosphonate Therapy","volume":"66","author":"Sedghizadeh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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