{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:38:27Z","timestamp":1760236707663,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China International Science and Technology Cooperation","award":["2018ZX10714002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018ZX10714002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria causing intractable and even fatal infections are a major health concern. Resistant bacteria residing in the intestinal tract of healthy individuals present a silent threat because of frequent transmission via conjugation and transposition. Plasmids harboring quinolone resistance genes are increasingly detected in clinical isolates worldwide. Here, we investigated the molecular epidemiology of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) in Gram-negative bacteria from healthy service trade workers. From 157 rectal swab samples, 125 ciprofloxacin-resistant strains, including 112 Escherichia coli, 10 Klebsiella pneumoniae, two Proteus mirabilis, and one Citrobacter braakii, were isolated. Multiplex PCR screening identified 39 strains harboring the PMQR genes (including 17 qnr,19 aac(6\u2032)-Ib-cr, and 22 oqxA\/oqxB). The genome and plasmid sequences of 39 and 31 strains, respectively, were obtained by short- and long-read sequencing. PMQR genes mainly resided in the IncFIB, IncFII, and IncR plasmids, and coexisted with 3\u201311 other resistance genes. The high PMQR gene carriage rate among Gram-negative bacteria isolated from healthy individuals suggests the high-frequency transmission of these genes via plasmids, along with other resistance genes. Thus, healthy individuals may spread antibiotic-resistant bacterial, highlighting the need for improved monitoring and control of the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes in healthy individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11010015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T10:16:18Z","timestamp":1640254578000},"page":"15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["High Carriage Rate of the Multiple Resistant Plasmids Harboring Quinolone Resistance Genes in Enterobacter spp. Isolated from Healthy Individuals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yongyan","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal-Origin and Vector-Borne Disease, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330038, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiansheng","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal-Origin and Vector-Borne Disease, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330038, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal-Origin and Vector-Borne Disease, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330038, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haijian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenpeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal-Origin and Vector-Borne Disease, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330038, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal-Origin and Vector-Borne Disease, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330038, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liya","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jialiang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haiying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal-Origin and Vector-Borne Disease, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330038, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Biao","family":"Kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.6646","article-title":"International perspectives on food safety and regulations\u2014A need for harmonized regulations: Perspectives in China","volume":"94","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2016.01034","article-title":"Control of antibiotic resistance in China must not be delayed: The current state of resistance and policy suggestions for the government, medical facilities, and patients","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosci. Trends"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6772","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b00729","article-title":"Comprehensive evaluation of antibiotics emission and fate in the river basins of China: Source analysis, multimedia modeling, and linkage to bacterial resistance","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7915.2008.00063.x","article-title":"Mechanism of action of and resistance to quinolones","volume":"2","author":"Anna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2016.09.001","article-title":"Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance: Two decades on","volume":"29","author":"Machuca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updates"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.PLAS-0006-2013","article-title":"Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance","volume":"2","author":"Jacoby","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)07322-4","article-title":"Quinolone resistance from a transferable plasmid","volume":"351","author":"Pascual","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2012.02.011","article-title":"Transferable mechanisms of quinolone resistance","volume":"40","author":"Ruiz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3423","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.06191-11","article-title":"Prevalence of qnr, aac(6\u2032)-Ib-cr, qepA, and oqxAB in Escherichia coli isolates from humans, animals, and the environment","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.4617","article-title":"Detection of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants and qnrS expression in Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates","volume":"8","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02594-14","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from patients with community-onset infections in 30 Chinese county hospitals","volume":"53","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2018.0405","article-title":"Characterization of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacterial Strains from Animals and Humans in China","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.08.010","article-title":"Assessing the molecular basis of transferable quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. from food-producing animals and food products","volume":"167","author":"Manageiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albrechtova, K., Papousek, I., De Nys, H., Pauly, M., Anoh, E., Mossoun, A., Dolejska, M., Masarikova, M., Metzger, S., and Couacy-Hymann, E. (2014). Low Rates of Antimicrobial-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Wildlife in Tai National Park, Cote d\u2019Ivoire, Surrounded by Villages with High Prevalence of Multiresistant ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli in People and Domestic Animals. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113548"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.11.031","article-title":"Identification of Qnr and AAC(6\u2032)-1b-cr plasmid-mediated fluoroquinolone resistance determinants in multidrug-resistant Enterobacter spp. isolated from extraintestinal infections in companion animals","volume":"143","author":"Gibson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S194635","article-title":"Plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from market retail fruits in Guangzhou, China","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1108\/BFJ-11-2016-0573","article-title":"Occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, AmpC and virulence genes in Escherichia coli isolates from vegetable salads in Morocco","volume":"119","author":"Nayme","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. Food J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104776","article-title":"Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Genes and Antibiotic Residues in Wastewater and Soil Adjacent to Swine Feedlots: Potential Transfer to Agricultural Lands","volume":"120","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2015.0118","article-title":"Multidrug Resistance in Quinolone-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Hospital Effluent and the Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant","volume":"22","author":"Varela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr085","article-title":"Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance and \u03b2-lactamases in Escherichia coli from healthy animals from Nigeria","volume":"66","author":"Daniela","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.02.014","article-title":"Enterobacteriaceae resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and quinolones in fresh culinary herbs imported from Southeast Asia","volume":"177","author":"Veldman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Park, K.Y., Park, H.K., Hwang, H.S., Seo, M.R., Kim, B., Cho, Y., Rho, M., and Pai, H. (2021). High fecal carriage of bla(CTX-M), bla(CMY-2), and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes among healthy Korean people in a metagenomic analysis. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84974-4"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.01.019","article-title":"The association between occurrence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance and ciprofloxacin resistance in Escherichia coli isolates of different origins","volume":"170","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2013.0107","article-title":"Virulence and transferability of resistance determinants in a novel Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 1137 in China","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2018.04.017","article-title":"Determination of gyrA and parC mutations and prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from patients with urinary tract infection in Iran","volume":"13","author":"Mirzaii","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.66.428","article-title":"Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Genes, aac (6)-Ib-cr, qnrS, qnrB, and qnrA, in Urinary Isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae at a Teaching Hospital, Thailand","volume":"66","author":"Pasom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2009.12.004","article-title":"Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants qnr and aac(6\u2032)-Ib-cr in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. from Norway and Sweden","volume":"66","author":"Karah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2016.07.010","article-title":"Prevalence and quinolone resistance of fecal carriage of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in 6 communities and 2 physical examination center populations in Shanghai, China","volume":"86","author":"Ni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, B., Wu, H., Zhai, Y., He, Z., Sun, H., Cai, T., He, D., Liu, J., Wang, S., and Pan, Y. (2018). Prevalence and molecular characterization of oqxAB in clinical Escherichia coli isolates from companion animals and humans in Henan Province, China. Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control, 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-018-0310-8"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Zhi, C.P., Chen, X.J., Guo, Z.W., Liu, W.L., Luo, J., Huang, X.Y., Zeng, L., Huang, J.W., and Xia, Y.B. (2017). Characterization of oqxAB in Escherichia coli Isolates from Animals, Retail Meat, and Human Patients in Guangzhou, China. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01982"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, L., Cao, X.-L., Zhang, Z.-F., Ning, M.-z., Xu, X.-J., Zhou, W., Chen, J.-H., Zhang, J.-H., Shen, H., and Zhang, K. (2016). Clonal dissemination of KPC-2 producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST11 clone with high prevalence of oqxAB and rmtB in a tertiary hospital in China: Results from a 3-year period. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-015-0109-x"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2018.11.003","article-title":"Frequency of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV mutations and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from urinary tract infections in Azerbaijan, Iran","volume":"17","author":"Azargun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bi, W., Liu, H., Dunstan, R.A., Li, B., Torres, V.V.L., Cao, J., Chen, L., Wilksch, J.J., Strugnell, R.A., and Lithgow, T. (2017). Extensively Drug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Causing Nosocomial Bloodstream Infections in China: Molecular Investigation of Antibiotic Resistance Determinants, Informing Therapy, and Clinical Outcomes. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01230"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, H., Zhang, K., Chen, W., Chen, J., Zheng, J., Liu, C., Cheng, L., Zhou, W., Shen, H., and Cao, X. (2020). Epidemiological characteristics of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae collected from 17 hospitals in Nanjing district of China. Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0674-4"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr548","article-title":"qnr, aac(6\u2032)-Ib-cr and qepA genes in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp.: Genetic environments and plasmid and chromosomal location","volume":"67","author":"Ruiz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks377","article-title":"Contribution of OqxAB efflux pumps to quinolone resistance in extended-spectrum-\u03b2-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"68","author":"Briales","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, X., Hu, Y., Luo, M., Zhou, H., Wang, X., Du, Y., Li, Z., Xu, J., Zhu, B., and Xu, X. (2017). MCR-1.6, a New MCR Variant Carried by an IncP Plasmid in a Colistin-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Isolate from a Healthy Individual. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 61.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02632-16"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6672","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01802-16","article-title":"The Bacterial Mobile Resistome Transfer Network Connecting the Animal and Human Microbiomes","volume":"82","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1515\/acve-2015-0046","article-title":"Characterization of tetracycline resistance of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar infantis isolated from poultry in the northern part of serbia","volume":"65","author":"Todorovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Vet.-Beogr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deiss, R.G., Bolaris, M., Wang, A., and Filler, S.G. (2016). Cryptococcus gattii Meningitis Complicated by Listeria monocytogenes Infection. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 22.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2209.160142"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wick, R.R., Judd, L.M., Gorrie, C.L., and Holt, K.E. (2017). Unicycler: Resolving bacterial genome assemblies from short and long sequencing reads. PLoS Comput. Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005595"}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/11\/1\/15\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:51:56Z","timestamp":1760169116000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/11\/1\/15"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics11010015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics11010015","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-6382"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]}}}