{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T02:53:17Z","timestamp":1785898397849,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007446","name":"King Khalid University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KKU\/RCAMS\/008\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KKU\/RCAMS\/008\/21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007446","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV are proven to be validated targets in the design of novel antibacterial drugs. In this study, we report the antibacterial evaluation and molecular docking studies of previously synthesized two series of cyclic diphenylphosphonates (1a\u2013e and 2a\u2013e) as DNA gyrase inhibitors. The synthesized compounds were screened for their activity (antibacterial and DNA gyrase inhibition) against ciprofloxacin-resistant E.coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates having mutations (deletion and substitution) in QRDR region of DNA gyrase. The target compound (2a) that exhibited the most potent activity against ciprofloxacin Gram-negative clinical isolates was selected to screen its inhibitory activity against DNA gyrase displayed IC50 of 12.03 \u00b5M. In addition, a docking study was performed with inhibitor (2a), to illustrate its binding mode in the active site of DNA gyrase and the results were compatible with the observed inhibitory potency. Furthermore, the docking study revealed that the binding of inhibitor (2a) to DNA gyrase is mediated and modulated by divalent Mg2+ at good binding energy (\u20139.08 Kcal\/mol). Moreover, structure-activity relationships (SARs) demonstrated that the combination of hydrazinyl moiety in conjunction with the cyclic diphenylphosphonate based scaffold resulted in an optimized molecule that inhibited the bacterial DNA gyrase by its detectable effect in vitro on gyrase-catalyzed DNA supercoiling activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11010053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T22:51:50Z","timestamp":1641250310000},"page":"53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Experimental and Molecular Docking Studies of Cyclic Diphenyl Phosphonates as DNA Gyrase Inhibitors for Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7985-3644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neveen M.","family":"Saleh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza 12553, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmine S.","family":"Moemen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pathology Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1379-6493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara H.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza 12553, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghady","family":"Fathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7515-2824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah A. S.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5409-3770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Al-Ghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9669-5737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sami","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1227-7931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim El-Tantawy","family":"El Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2020, August 20). Fact Sheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/antibiotic-resistance."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Kraker, M.E.A., Stewardson, A.J., and Harbarth, S. (2016). Will 10 Million People Die a Year due to Antimicrobial Resistance by 2050?. 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