{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T12:30:29Z","timestamp":1781613029385,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study aimed to determine the bacteria isolated from bovine mastitis and their antimicrobial resistance in the western part of Romania. Clinical mastitis was diagnosed based on local inflammation in the udder, changes in milk, and when present, generalized symptoms. Subclinical mastitis was assessed using a rapid test\u2014the California Mastitis Test. The identification of bacterial strains was performed based on biochemical profiles using API system tests (API 20 E, API Staph, API 20 Strep, API Coryne, API 20 NE (bioMerieux, Marcy l\u2019Etoile, France), and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS). The prevalent isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus spp. (50\/116; 43.19%), followed by Streptococcus spp. (26\/116; 22.41%), E. coli (16\/116; 13.79%), Corynebacterium spp. (9\/116; 7.75%), Enterococcus spp. (10\/116; 8.62%), and Enterobacter spp. (5\/116; 4.31%). Phenotype antimicrobial resistance profiling was performed used the disc diffusion method. Generally, Gram-positive bacteria showed low susceptibility to most of the antimicrobials tested, except cephalothin. Susceptibilities to penicillins and quinolones were fairly high in Gram-negative bacteria, whereas resistance was observed to macrolides, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines. The highest number of isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR), the resistance pathotypes identified including the most frequently antimicrobials used in cow mastitis treatment in Romania.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11010057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T22:51:50Z","timestamp":1641250310000},"page":"57","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Etiology of Mastitis and Antimicrobial Resistance in Dairy Cattle Farms in the Western Part of Romania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1013-0437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corina","family":"Pascu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat\u2019s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine \u201cKing Michael I of Romania\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7118-6488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viorel","family":"Herman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat\u2019s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine \u201cKing Michael I of Romania\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ionica","family":"Iancu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat\u2019s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine \u201cKing Michael I of Romania\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luminita","family":"Costinar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat\u2019s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine \u201cKing Michael I of Romania\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v77i2.344","article-title":"A review of the factors affecting the costs of bovine mastitis: Review article","volume":"77","author":"Petrovski","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(07)72627-9","article-title":"Relationship Between Antimicrobial Drug Usage and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Gram-Positive Mastitis Pathogens","volume":"90","author":"Pol","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Nielsen, C. (2009). Economic Impact of Mastitis in Dairy Cows. [Ph.D. Thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2010.0730","article-title":"Impact of Antibiotic Use in Adult Dairy Cows on Antimicrobial Resistance of Veterinary and Human Pathogens: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"8","author":"Oliver","year":"2011","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beyene, T.J., Hayishe, H., Gizaw, F., Beyi, A.F., Abunna, F., Mammo, B., Ayana, D., Waktole, H., and Abdi, R.D. (2017). Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Staphylococcus in dairy farms, abattoir and humans in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Res. Notes, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2487-y"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10381","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13023","article-title":"A 100-Year Review: Mastitis detection, management, and prevention","volume":"100","author":"Ruegg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11465","article-title":"Factors associated with intramammary infection in dairy cows caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Corynebacterium bovis, or Escherichia coli","volume":"100","author":"Taponen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6498618","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6498618","article-title":"Prevalence and Bacterial Isolates of Mastitis in Dairy Farms in Selected Districts of Eastern Harrarghe Zone, Eastern Ethiopia","volume":"2017","author":"Zeryehun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-019-01905-2","article-title":"Aetiology and prevalence of subclinical mastitis in dairy herds in peri-urban areas of Kigali in Rwanda","volume":"51","author":"Ndahetuye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"99","article-title":"Prevalence of subclinical mastitis in dairy farms in urban and peri-urban areas of Kampala, Uganda","volume":"46","author":"Persson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abebe, R., Hatiya, H., Abera, M., Megersa, B., and Asmare, K. (2016). Bovine mastitis: Prevalence, risk factors and isolation of Staphylococcus aureus in dairy herds at Hawassa milk shed, South Ethiopia. BMC Vet. Res., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0905-3"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"615153","article-title":"Molecular Detection and Sensitivity to Antibiotics and Bacteriocins of Pathogens Isolated from Bovine Mastitis in Family Dairy Herds of Central Mexico","volume":"2015","author":"Aguayo","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"979","article-title":"Prevalence of subclinical mastitis and isolated udder pathogens in dairy cows in Southern Vietnam","volume":"45","author":"Lam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"dos Reis, C.B.M., Barreiro, J.R., Mestieri, L., Porcionato, M.A.D.F., and dos Santos, M.V. (2013). Effect of somatic cell count and mastitis pathogens on milk composition in Gyr cows. BMC Vet. Res., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-67"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1624617","article-title":"Colonization of the teat skin and the teat canal by mastitis pathogens in dairy cattle","volume":"39","author":"Paduch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tierarztl. Prax. Ausg. G Grosstiere\u2014Nutztiere"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.17-0504","article-title":"Prevalence and etiology of mastitis in dairy cattle in El Oro Province, Ecuador","volume":"80","author":"Amer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8456713","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8456713","article-title":"Prevalence of Subclinical Mastitis and Distribution of Pathogens in Dairy Farms of Rubavu and Nyabihu Districts, Rwanda","volume":"2017","author":"Mpatswenumugabo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijvsm.2013.05.006","article-title":"Emerging of coagulase negative staphylococci as a cause of mastitis in dairy animals: An environmental hazard","volume":"1","author":"Aref","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3956","article-title":"Distribution of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species from milk and environment of dairy cows differs between herds","volume":"94","author":"Piessens","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-017-0301-4","article-title":"Bacteriological etiology and treatment of mastitis in Finnish dairy herds","volume":"59","author":"Taponen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"96","article-title":"Mastitis: An intensive crisis in veterinary science","volume":"2","author":"Bhosale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharma Res. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72256-1","article-title":"Invited Review: The Role of Cow, Pathogen, and Treatment Regimen in the Therapeutic Success of Bovine Staphylococcus aureus Mastitis","volume":"89","author":"Barkema","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-13-343","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance and Molecular Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Cow\u2019s Milk and Dairy Products in Northeast Brazil","volume":"77","author":"Luz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2013.879689","article-title":"Effect of dry period length on the effect of an intramammary teat sealant on the risk of mastitis in cattle treated with antibiotics at drying off","volume":"62","author":"Laven","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5426","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7756","article-title":"Treatments of clinical mastitis occurring in cows on 51 large dairy herds in Wisconsin","volume":"97","author":"Oliveira","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2896","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10496","article-title":"Mastitis prevention and control practices and mastitis treatment strategies associated with the consumption of (critically important) antimicrobials on dairy herds in Flanders, Belgium","volume":"99","author":"Stevens","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2008-1217","article-title":"Management of mastitis on organic and conventional dairy farms1","volume":"87","author":"Ruegg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"83","article-title":"Role of Coagulase Positive and Coagulase Negative Staphylococci in Bovine Mastitis with Special Reference to Some of Their Virulence Genes and Antimicrobial Sensitivity","volume":"46","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alex. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Constable, P.D., Hinchcliff, K.W., Done, S.H., and Gr\u00fcnberg, W. (2017). Veterinary Medicine. A Text Book of the Disease of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs and Goats, ELSEVIER Ltd.. [11th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Quinn, J., Markey, B.K., Leonard, F.C., FitzPatrick, E.S., Fanning, S., and Hartigan, P.J. (2011). Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease, Wiley-Blackwell, A John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Publications. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-018-1629-0","article-title":"Diagnosis of bovine mastitis: From laboratory to farm","volume":"50","author":"Ashraf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5592","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-12478","article-title":"Prevalence of non-aureus staphylococci species causing intramammary infections in Canadian dairy herds","volume":"100","author":"Condas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6926","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8173","article-title":"Pathogen-specific incidence rate of clinical mastitis in Flemish dairy herds, severity, and association with herd hygiene","volume":"97","author":"Verbeke","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743725","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.743725","article-title":"Bacteria Isolated from Milk of Dairy Cows with and without Clinical Mastitis in Different Regions of Australia and Their AMR Profiles","volume":"8","author":"Ranjbar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.656810","article-title":"Biofilm Research in Bovine Mastitis","volume":"8","author":"Pedersen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.25083\/rbl\/24.3\/506.512","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogenic bacteria isolated from swine lungs","volume":"24","author":"Pascu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rom. Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5134764","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5134764","article-title":"Scientific Achievements in the Study of the Occurrence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Major Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria in Foods and Food Processing Environments in Romania: Review of the Last Decade","volume":"2020","author":"Imre","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.102667","article-title":"Efficacy of enrofloxacin for the treatment of acute clinical mastitis caused by Escherichia coli in dairy cows","volume":"176","author":"Persson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2014.11.010","article-title":"Treatment of Mastitis in Cattle","volume":"31","author":"Royster","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01123","article-title":"Prevalence and Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Cultured from Raw Milk Taken from Dairy Cows with Mastitis in Beijing, China","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-004-0437-7","article-title":"Brain abscess caused by Staphylococcus intermedius","volume":"147","author":"Atalay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"493","article-title":"Characterization of coagulase positive Staphylococcus species isolated from bovine mastitis using protein and plasmid patterns","volume":"33","author":"Arslan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wald, R., Hess, C., Urbantke, V., Wittek, T., and Baumgartner, M. (2019). Characterization of Staphylococcus Species Isolated from Bovine Quarter Milk Samples. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9050200"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)73366-4","article-title":"Bovine Mastitis in Finland 2001\u2014Prevalence, Distribution of Bacteria, and Antimicrobial Resistance","volume":"87","author":"Haveri","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1996.57.01.54","article-title":"Prevalence of coagulase-positive staphylococci, other than Staphylococcus aureus, in bovine mastitis","volume":"57","author":"Roberson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(97)75958-7","article-title":"Herd Prevalence and Incidence of Streptococcus agalactiae in the Dairy Industry of Prince Edward Island","volume":"80","author":"Keefe","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Hogan, J.S., and Smith, K.L. (1997, January 22). Occurrence of clinical and subclinical environmental streptococci mastitis. Proceedings of the Udder Health Management for Environmental Streptococci Symposium, Guelph, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Smith, K.L., and Hogan, J.S. (2003, January 15). Environmental mastitis caused by species of Streptococcus and Enterococcus: Risk factors and control. Proceedings of the Arizona Dairy Extension Conference, Tucson, AZ, USA."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.04.001","article-title":"The \u201cother\u201d gram-negative bacteria in mastitis: Klebsiella, serratia, and more","volume":"28","author":"Schukken","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4797","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-12334","article-title":"Incidence of clinical mastitis and distribution of pathogens on large Chinese dairy farms","volume":"100","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.68.3.560-602.2004","article-title":"Phages and the Evolution of Bacterial Pathogens: From Genomic Rearrangements to Lysogenic Conversion","volume":"68","author":"Brussow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.2217\/17460913.2.3.323","article-title":"Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"2","author":"Pantosti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7509","article-title":"Short communication: Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine clinical mastitis","volume":"97","author":"Jamali","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3417","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2018.709.424","article-title":"Bovine Mastitis Prevalence, Aetiology, Therapeutics and Control in Tatton Agriculture Park, Egerton University","volume":"7","author":"Ondiek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6442","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-12660","article-title":"Phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Streptococcus spp. isolated from cases of clinical mastitis in dairy cattle in Poland","volume":"100","author":"Kaczorek","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10070801","article-title":"Carriage of Multidrug Resistance Staphylococci in Shelter Dogs in Timisoara, Romania","volume":"10","author":"Degi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.04.016","article-title":"Time course of biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis mastitis isolates","volume":"124","author":"Oliveira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.10.023","article-title":"Detection of the biofilm component polysaccharide intercellular adhesin in Staphylococcus aureus infected cow udders","volume":"196","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2018.04.004","article-title":"Klebsiella pneumoniae as a key trafficker of drug resistance genes from environmental to clinically important bacteria","volume":"45","author":"Wyres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky492","article-title":"Emergence and rapid global dissemination of CTX-M-15-associated Klebsiella pneumoniae strain ST307","volume":"74","author":"Wyres","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Thrusfield, M. (2005). Veterinary Epidemiology, Blackwell Science, Ltd.. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"(2021, September 06). Biosafety Manual of the University Veterinary Clinics of Timisoara. Available online: https:\/\/www.usab-tm.ro\/utilizatori\/medicinaveterinara\/file\/Manual%20Biosecuritate\\%20CVU%202019.pdf."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(01)74645-0","article-title":"Sensitivity and Specificity of Somatic Cell Count and California Mastitis Test for Identifying Intramammary Infection in Early Lactation","volume":"84","author":"Sargeant","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2010.11.008","article-title":"Optimization of mass spectral features in MALDI-TOF MS profiling of Acinetobacter species","volume":"34","author":"Zdrahal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) Document M31-A3 (2008). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated from Animals, Approved Standard, CLSI. [3rd ed.]."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/11\/1\/57\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:59:59Z","timestamp":1760363999000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/11\/1\/57"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics11010057"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics11010057","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]]}}}