{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T02:50:05Z","timestamp":1780541405037,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>N. sativa is an interesting source of bioactive compounds commonly used for various therapeutic purposes. Associate its seeds extracts with biomaterials to improve their antimicrobial properties are highly demanded. This study aims to investigate the encapsulation of NS extracts in hydroxyapatite nanoparticle sodium silicate glass (nHap\/SSG) scaffold. NS essential oil (HS) was extracted by hydrodistillation, while hexane (FH) and acetone extracts (FA) were obtained using Soxhlet extraction. (FH) was the most abundant (34%) followed by (FA) (2.02%) and (HS) (1.2%). GC-MS chromatography showed that the (HS) contained beta cymene, alpha thujene, \u03b2-pinene and thymoquinone, while (FH) had mostly fatty acids and (FA) decane, 2.9-dimethyl, benzene 1,3,3-trimethylnonyl and beta cymene. Loaded nHap\/SGG scaffolds with various amount of (FH), (HS) and (FA) at 1.5, 3, and 6 wt%; were elaborated then characterized by ATR-FTIR, X-ray and SEM techniques and their antimicrobial activity was studied. Samples loaded with 1.5 wt% HE was highly active against C. albicans (19 mm), and at 3 wt% on M. luteus (20 mm) and S. aureus (20 mm). Additionally, loaded scaffolds with 1.5 wt% AE had an important activity against M. luteus (18.9 mm) and S. aureus (19 mm), while the EO had low activities on all bacterial strains. The outcome of this finding indicated that loaded scaffolds demonstrated an important antimicrobial effect that make them promising materials for a wide range of medical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11020170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T01:41:59Z","timestamp":1643420519000},"page":"170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Nigella sativa Extracts Encapsulated in Hydroxyapatite Sodium Silicate Glass Composite"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1421-0546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salima","family":"Tiji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Chemistry and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda 60000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2709-5989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Lakrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Solid Mineral Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda 60000, Morocco"},{"name":"High Institute of Biological and Paramedical Sciences, ISSB-P, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir 43150, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9590-9035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yahya","family":"Rokni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio-Resources, Biotechnology, Ethno-Pharmacology and Health Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda 60000, Morocco"},{"name":"Research Unit Bioprocess and Biointerfaces, Laboratory of Industrial Engineering and Surface Engineering, National School of Applied Sciences, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, 17 Mghila, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El Miloud","family":"Mejdoubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Solid Mineral Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda 60000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9938-0151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe","family":"Hano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRA USC1328, Orleans University, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3973-6694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Addi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Am\u00e9lioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Facult\u00e9 des Sciences, Universit\u00e9 Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5195-8217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdeslam","family":"Asehraou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio-Resources, Biotechnology, Ethno-Pharmacology and Health Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda 60000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9371-1439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mostafa","family":"Mimouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Chemistry and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda 60000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3831\/KPI.2017.20.021","article-title":"Review on Clinical Trials of Black Seed (Nigella sativa) and Its Active Constituent, Thymoquinone","volume":"20","author":"Tavakkoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharmacopunct."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2019.07.048","article-title":"Recent advances in natural antifungal flavonoids and their derivatives","volume":"29","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"411","article-title":"Determination of polyphenols content, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Nigella sativa L. Seed phenolic extracts","volume":"19","author":"Mechraoui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Study Res. Chem. Chem. Eng. Biotechnol. Food Ind."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2016.07.004","article-title":"Recent advances on the anti-cancer properties of Nigella sativa, a widely used food additive","volume":"7","author":"Majdalawieh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ayurveda Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s13596-019-00363-3","article-title":"An updated literature-based review: Phytochemistry, pharmacology and therapeutic promises of Nigella sativa L.","volume":"19","author":"Islam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orient. Pharm. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-957994","article-title":"Fixed oil of Nigella sativa and derived thymoquinone inhibit eicosanoid generation in leukocytes and membrane lipid peroxidation","volume":"61","author":"Houghton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6623609","article-title":"Phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of Nigella sativa L growing in Morocco","volume":"2021","author":"Tiji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3911","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2016.1277971","article-title":"Anti-cancer properties and mechanisms of action of thymoquinone, the major active ingredient of Nigella sativa","volume":"57","author":"Majdalawieh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Rabey, H.A., Al-Seeni, M.N., and Bakhashwain, A.S. (2017). The antidiabetic activity of nigella sativa and propolis on streptozotocin-induced diabetes and diabetic nephropathy in male rats. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med., 2017.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5439645"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-865020150080000005","article-title":"Study on the effect of black cumin (Nigella sativa Linn.) on experimental renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats","volume":"30","author":"Mousavi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Cir\u00fargica Bras."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"146","article-title":"The percutaneous effect of black seed (Nigella sativa) oil as external topical treatment on bone healing in rabbits","volume":"13","author":"Eatelaf","year":"2014","journal-title":"QJVMS"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/13102818.2016.1257925","article-title":"Histopathological evaluation of the effect of systemic thymoquinone administration on healing of bone defects in rat tibia","volume":"31","author":"Arslan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022001","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/ab5f1a","article-title":"Biomimetic and mesoporous nano-hydroxyapatite for bone tissue application: A short review","volume":"15","author":"Molino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.11.035","article-title":"Development of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles loaded with folic acid to induce osteoblastic differentiation","volume":"516","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1007\/s41779-021-00609-x","article-title":"Effects of biomimetic synthesis route and sintering temperature on physicochemical, microstructural, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite","volume":"57","author":"Kaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Aust. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04085","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles derived from mussel shells for in vitro cytotoxicity test and cell viability","volume":"6","author":"Eldera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1590\/0366-69132019653742706","article-title":"A brief review on hydroxyapatite production and use in biomedicine","volume":"65","author":"Gomes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cer\u00e2mica"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u0142\u0105b, M., Kud\u0142acik-Kramarczyk, S., Drabczyk, A., Walter, J., Kordyka, A., Godzierz, M., Bogucki, R., Tyliszczak, B., and Sobczak-Kupiec, A. (2021). Hydroxyapatite Obtained via the Wet Precipitation Method and PVP\/PVA Matrix as Components of Polymer-Ceramic Composites for Biomedical Applications. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26144268"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2021.111169","article-title":"Physicochemical, antibacterial and biocompatibility assessments of silver incorporated nano-hydroxyapatite synthesized using a novel microwave-assisted wet precipitation technique","volume":"178","author":"Yusoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"42","article-title":"Surface treatment strategies to combat implant-related infection from the beginning","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Transl."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"581","article-title":"Antibacterial nanosized silver substituted hydroxyapatite: Synthesis and characterization","volume":"80","author":"Rameshbabu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.01.024","article-title":"Biofabrication of bone tissue: Approaches, challenges and translation for bone regeneration","volume":"83","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.120097","article-title":"3D-printed platform multi-loaded with bioactive, magnetic nanoparticles and an antibiotic for re-growing bone tissue","volume":"593","author":"Saraiva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2008.04.041","article-title":"Nanocrystalline apatites: From powders to biomaterials","volume":"190","author":"Drouet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2020.124185","article-title":"Three-dimensional Nano-Hydroxyapatite sodium silicate glass composite scaffold for bone tissue engineering-A new fabrication process at a near-room temperature","volume":"260","author":"Lakrat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69184","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA11978B","article-title":"Gold-dotted hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as multifunctional platforms for medical applications","volume":"5","author":"Gomes","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"387","article-title":"Bestimmung der inneren Struktur und der Gr\u00f6\u00dfe von Kolloidteilchen mittels R\u00f6ntgenstrahlen","volume":"Volume 277","author":"Zsigmondy","year":"1912","journal-title":"Kolloidchemie Ein Lehrbuch"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180962","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.180962","article-title":"Wet chemical synthesis of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite flakes: Effect of pH and sintering temperature on structural and morphological properties","volume":"5","author":"Karthik","year":"2018","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.06.100","article-title":"Synthesis of B-type carbonated hydroxyapatite by a new dissolution-precipitation method","volume":"31","author":"Lakrat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"125","article-title":"Analyse fine de l\u2019apatite analogue aux biomateriaux par la spectroscopie infrarouge","volume":"1","author":"Bouhaouss","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. News"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2017.21260","article-title":"The removal of methyl orange by nanohydroxyapatite from aqueous solution: Isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamics studies","volume":"85","author":"Lakrat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-021-00341-4","article-title":"Nigella sativa-Coated Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds: Synergetic Cues to Stimulate Myoblasts Differentiation and Offset Infections","volume":"18","author":"Amna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-89132009000500016","article-title":"GC-MS analysis of Nigella sativa seeds and antimicrobial activity of its volatile oil","volume":"52","author":"Gerige","year":"2009","journal-title":"Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740142","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/740142","article-title":"Authentication of Nigella sativa seed oil in binary and ternary mixtures with corn oil and soybean oil using FTIR spectroscopy coupled with partial least square","volume":"2013","author":"Rohman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2011.07.012","article-title":"A porous hydroxyapatite scaffold for bone tissue engineering: Physico-mechanical and biological evaluations","volume":"38","author":"Tripathi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2012.07.005","article-title":"Recent advances in bone tissue engineering scaffolds","volume":"30","author":"Bose","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6643765","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6643765","article-title":"Molecular Composition and Antibacterial Effect of Five Essential Oils Extracted from Nigella sativa L. Seeds against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria: A Comparative Study","volume":"2021","author":"Dalli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6273817","article-title":"The Effects of Different Extraction Methods on Antioxidant Properties, Chemical Composition, and Thermal Behavior of Black Seed (Nigella sativa L.) Oil","volume":"2016","author":"Mohammed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-010-1687-6","article-title":"Physicochemical Characteristics of Nigella Seed (Nigella sativa L.) Oil as Affected by Different Extraction Methods","volume":"88","author":"Khoddami","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3444","DOI":"10.1021\/jf011440s","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of extracts obtained from residues of different oilseeds","volume":"50","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6690(01)00096-6","article-title":"Seed yield, yield components, oil content and essential oil content and composition of Nigella sativa L. and Nigella damascena L.","volume":"15","author":"Moretti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2004.04.035","article-title":"Antioxidant activities of buckwheat extracts","volume":"90","author":"Sun","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2255","article-title":"Chemical constituents and antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials of essential oil and acetone extract of Nigella sativa seeds","volume":"85","author":"Singh","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1573(200008)14:5<323::AID-PTR621>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of Nigella sativa Essential Oil","volume":"328","author":"Burits","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phyther. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2013.02.013","article-title":"Chemical composition and in vitro bioactivity of the volatile and fixed oils of Nigella sativa L. extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide","volume":"46","author":"Piras","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"461","article-title":"Volatile Constituents of Nigella sativa L. Seeds","volume":"16","author":"Hasanzadeh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Orient. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12006","article-title":"Stability of essential oils: A review","volume":"12","author":"Turek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.1906","article-title":"Quantitation in gas chromatography: Usual practices","volume":"23","author":"Cicchetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"172","article-title":"Chemical investigation of Nigella sativa L. seed oil produced in Morocco","volume":"14","author":"Gharby","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Saudi Soc. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.04.041","article-title":"Effect of size of bioactive glass nanoparticles on mesenchymal stem cell proliferation for dental and orthopedic applications","volume":"53","author":"Ajita","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696230","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/696230","article-title":"Nigella sativa: A Potential Antiosteoporotic Agent","volume":"2012","author":"Shuid","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(13)60075-1","article-title":"A review on therapeutic potential of Nigella sativa: A miracle herb","volume":"3","author":"Ahmad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-016-2047-1","article-title":"The Antioxidant Effects of Thymoquinone in Activated BV-2 Murine Microglial Cells","volume":"41","author":"Taka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6294","article-title":"Nigella sativa essential oil and its bioactive compounds as resistance modifiers against Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"33","author":"Mouwakeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phyther. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.01.006","article-title":"Antifungal properties of phosphatidylcholine-oleic acid liposomes encapsulating garlic against environmental fungal in wheat bread","volume":"293","author":"Pinilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.02076","article-title":"Inactivation of Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp. by palmitic, stearic, and oleic acid sophorolipids and thiamine dilauryl sulfate","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2010.11.030","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of ascorbic acid alone or in combination with lactic acid on Escherichia coli O157:H7 in laboratory medium and carrot juice","volume":"22","author":"Tajkarimi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4565.1998.tb00217.x","article-title":"Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by cinnamic acid: Possible interaction of the acid with cysteinyl residues","volume":"18","author":"Kouassi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8308050","article-title":"Chemical composition related to Antimicrobial activity of Moroccan Nigella sativa extracts and isolated fractions","volume":"2021","author":"Tiji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2010.01.023","article-title":"Thymoquinone Poly (lactideco-glycolide) Nanoparticles Exhibit Enhanced Antiproliferative, Anti-inflammatory and Chemosensitization Potential","volume":"79","author":"Ravindran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.21448\/ijsm.575075","article-title":"Biotechnological approaches for production of bioactive secondary metabolites in Nigella sativa: An up-to-date review","volume":"6","author":"Kazmi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Second. Metab."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.210","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite mineralization of chitosan-tragacanth blend\/ZnO\/Ag nanocomposite films with enhanced antibacterial activity","volume":"175","author":"Mallakpour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40157","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA06873J","article-title":"An antibacterial and injectable calcium phosphate scaffold delivering human periodontal ligament stem cells for bone tissue engineering","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2020.102924","article-title":"Development of porous, antibacterial and biocompatible GO\/n-HAp\/bacterial cellulose\/\u03b2-glucan biocomposite scaffold for bone tissue engineering","volume":"14","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiji, S., Bouhrim, M., Addi, M., Drouet, S., Lorenzo, J.M., Hano, C., Bnouham, M., and Mimouni, M. (2021). Linking the Phytochemicals and the \u03b1-Glucosidase and \u03b1-Amylase Enzyme Inhibitory Effects of Nigella sativa Seed Extracts. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10081818"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.1137","article-title":"A retention index calculator simplifies identification of plant volatile organic compounds","volume":"20","author":"Lucero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"5275","article-title":"Separation of Phytochemicals from Peucedanum Nagpurense by Using Separation of Phytochemicals from Peucedanum","volume":"15","author":"Dobaria","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Gu\u00e9rin-Faubl\u00e9e, V., and Carret, G. (1999). L\u2019antibiogramme: Principe, m\u00e9thodologie int\u00e9r\u00eat et limites. Journ\u00e9es Natl. GTV-INRA, 5\u201312."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/11\/2\/170\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:09:50Z","timestamp":1760134190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/11\/2\/170"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics11020170"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics11020170","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]}}}