{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:51:07Z","timestamp":1760151067030,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007687","name":"Swedish Society of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FJ"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Scania Regional Council","award":["FJ, KS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FJ, KS"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Antibiotics are commonly prescribed for outpatient management of cystitis. Previous evidence suggests that certain factors likely beyond the infection seem to influence the choice of antimicrobial treatment. However, studies on the specific antibiotic treatments for cystitis are lacking. This study aimed to explore the antibiotic treatments for cystitis using nationwide primary healthcare data and investigate if factors beyond the infection could be associated with fluoroquinolone treatment. Methods: This nationwide follow-up cohort study consisted of 352,507 women with cystitis. The primary aim was to investigate what specific classes of antibiotics were redeemed by patients within five days from the cystitis diagnosis. Each patient could only be included once. Logistic regression models were also used to examine the relationship between fluoroquinolone (FQ) treatment, parity, and sociodemographic factors. Results: In total, 192,065 antibiotic prescriptions were redeemed. Pivmecillinam (58.4%) followed by nitrofurantoin (22.2%), trimethoprim (12.0%), fluoroquinolone (5.6%), and cephalosporins (1.5%) were the most redeemed antibiotics. Sociodemographic factors were weakly associated with fluoroquinolone treatment; young age was inversely associated with fluoroquinolone treatment. Parity and cervical cancer history were not associated with fluoroquinolone treatment. The proportion of fluoroquinolone and trimethoprim treatments decreased over time, while pivmecillinam and nitrofurantoin increased. Conclusions: The treatment trends of antibiotics redeemed within five days from a cystitis diagnosis were similar to the national surveillance program of these antibiotics (not diagnosis linked). Fluoroquinolones were weakly associated with sociodemographic factors, which likely is only of historical relevance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11020172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T01:41:59Z","timestamp":1643420519000},"page":"172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Fluoroquinolones and Other Antibiotics Redeemed for Cystitis\u2014A Swedish Nationwide Cohort Follow-Up Study (2006\u20132018)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5559-4657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinjun","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences Malm\u00f6, Lund University, 205 02 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Sundquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences Malm\u00f6, Lund University, 205 02 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Community-Based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Department of Functional Pathology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, Matsue 690-0823, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0670-9996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filip","family":"Jans\u00e5ker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences Malm\u00f6, Lund University, 205 02 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2007.09.004","article-title":"Uncomplicated urinary tract infection in adults including uncomplicated pyelonephritis","volume":"35","author":"Nicolle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Urol. 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