{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:18:52Z","timestamp":1791958732084,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43 TW010074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43 TW010074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43 TW009343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43 TW009343"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010747","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E033-01-08-2018-FONDECYT\/Banco Mundial - Programas de Doctorado en \u00c1reas Estrat\u00e9gicas y Generales"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E033-01-08-2018-FONDECYT\/Banco Mundial - Programas de Doctorado en \u00c1reas Estrat\u00e9gicas y Generales"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010747","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Poultry farming represents Peru\u2019s primary food animal production industry, where antimicrobial growth promoters are still commonly used, exerting selective pressure on intestinal microbial populations. Consumption and direct animal-to-human transmission have been reported, and farmworkers are at high risk of colonization with resistant bacteria. We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 54 farmworkers to understand their current antimicrobial resistance (AMR) awareness in Ica, Peru. To gain insight into the potential work-related risk of exposure to bacteria, we also measured the AMR rates in Escherichia coli isolated among 50 broiler chickens. Farmworkers were unaware of antimicrobial resistance (31.5%) or antibiotic resistance (16.7%) terms. Almost two-thirds (61%) consumed antibiotics during the previous month, and only 42.6% received a prescription from a healthcare professional. A total of 107 E. coli chicken isolates were obtained, showing a high frequency of multidrug-resistant (89.7%) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production (71.9%). Among ESBL-producer isolates, 84.4% carried the blaCTX-M gene. Results identified gaps in knowledge that reflect the need for interventions to increase antimicrobial awareness among poultry farmworkers. The high AMR rates among E. coli isolates highlight the need to reduce antimicrobial use in poultry farms. Our findings reveal a critical need for effective policy development and antimicrobial stewardship interventions in poultry production in Ica, Peru.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11020190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T09:59:21Z","timestamp":1643709561000},"page":"190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Antibiotic Use and Resistance Knowledge Assessment of Personnel on Chicken Farms with High Levels of Antimicrobial Resistance: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Ica, Peru"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4169-3398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"D\u00e1valos-Almeyda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga, Ica 11004, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga, Ica 11004, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Germ\u00e1n","family":"Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga, Ica 11004, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5914-7774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandra","family":"D\u00e1vila-Barclay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Genomics Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6887-2599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Salvatierra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Genomics Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maritza","family":"Calder\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Laboratories, Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert H.","family":"Gilman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1669-2553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Tsukayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Genomics Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru"},{"name":"Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Saffron Walden CB10 1RQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, May 11). Statistics|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/statistics\/en."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2010.04.005","article-title":"Influence of probiotic supplementation on blood parameters and growth performance in broiler chickens","volume":"17","author":"Alkhalf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0904.020325","article-title":"Antimicrobial growth promoters and Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. in poultry and swine, Denmark","volume":"9","author":"Evans","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woolhouse, M., Ward, M., Van Bunnik, B., and Farrar, J. (2015). Antimicrobial resistance in humans, livestock and the wider environment. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., 370.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0083"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.15171\/apb.2019.041","article-title":"Drug resistance and the prevention strategies in food borne bacteria: An update review","volume":"9","author":"Hosseini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00470-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00470-18","article-title":"Escherichia coli ST131-H22 as a foodborne uropathogen","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, G.S., Waits, K., Nordstrom, L., Grande, H., Weaver, B., Papp, K., Horwinski, J., Koch, B., Hungate, B.A., and Liu, C.M. (2018). Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli from retail poultry meat with different antibiotic use claims. BMC Microbiol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-018-1322-5"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.11.008","article-title":"A view to a kill: The bacterial type VI secretion system","volume":"15","author":"Ho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdi, R.D., Mengstie, F., Beyi, A.F., Beyene, T., Waktole, H., Mammo, B., Ayana, D., and Abunna, F. (2017). Determination of the sources and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella isolated from the poultry industry in Southern Ethiopia. BMC Infect. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2437-2"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15222-y","article-title":"Environmental remodeling of human gut microbiota and antibiotic resistome in livestock farms","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.5491\/SHAW.2012.3.2.85","article-title":"Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria: An unrecognized work-related risk in food animal production","volume":"3","author":"Neyra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Saf. Health Work"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4314\/sokjvs.v12i1.7","article-title":"Antibiotic usage pattern in selected poultry farms in Ogun state","volume":"12","author":"Oluwasile","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sokoto J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"120","article-title":"Practices and Factors Influencing the Use of Antibiotics in Selected Poultry Farms in Ghana","volume":"2","author":"Boamah","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"4","article-title":"A Survey of Antimicrobial Agents Usage in Poultry Farms and Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia Coli and Staphylococci Isolates from the Poultry in Ile-Ife, Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"Awogbemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozturk, Y., Celik, S., Sahin, E., Acik, M.N., and Cetinkaya, B. (2019). Assessment of farmers\u2019 knowledge, attitudes and practices on antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9090653"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Mustapha, A.I., Adetunji, V.O., and Heikinheimo, A. (2020). Risk perceptions of antibiotic usage and resistance: A cross-sectional survey of poultry farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9070378"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caudell, M.A., Dorado-Garcia, A., Eckford, S., Creese, C., Byarugaba, D.K., Afakye, K., Chansa-Kabali, T., Fasina, F.O., Kabali, E., and Kiambi, S. (2020). Towards a bottom-up understanding of antimicrobial use and resistance on the farm: A knowledge, attitudes, and practices survey across livestock systems in five African countries. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220274"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00490","article-title":"Perception of Drug Vendors and Pig and Poultry Farmers of Imerintsiatosika, in Madagascar, Toward Risks Related to Antibiotic Usage: A Q-Method Approach","volume":"7","author":"Kassie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalam, M.A., Alim, M.A., Shano, S., Nayem, M.R.K., Badsha, M.R., Al Mamun, M.A., Hoque, A., Tanzin, A.Z., Khan, S.A., and Islam, A. (2021). Knowledge, attitude, and practices on antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance among commercial poultry farmers in Bangladesh. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10070784"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2017.02.010","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance: Italian awareness survey 2016","volume":"11","author":"Prigitano","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-020-00739-0","article-title":"A national survey of public awareness of antimicrobial resistance in Nigeria","volume":"9","author":"Chukwu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-020-00768-9","article-title":"A population-base survey on knowledge, attitude and awareness of the general public on antibiotic use and resistance","volume":"9","author":"Effah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michaelidou, M., Karageorgos, S.A., and Tsioutis, C. (2020). Antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance: Public awareness survey in the republic of cyprus. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9110759"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2016.01.010","article-title":"Fosfomycin: Resurgence of an old companion","volume":"22","author":"Sastry","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"WHO (2017). Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance, WHO."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2020, May 11). MINSA Plan Nacional para Enfrentar la Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos 2017\u20132021. Available online: http:\/\/www.digemid.minsa.gob.pe\/UpLoad\/UpLoaded\/PDF\/Acceso\/URM\/GestionURMTrabSalud\/ReunionTecnica\/VIII\/Dia2\/Antimicrobianos\/PlanNacionalATM-2017-2021.pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.13-0423","article-title":"Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Indicator Bacteria Isolated from Chickens in Southeast Asian Countries (Vietnam, Indonesia and Thailand)","volume":"76","author":"Usui","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Boeckel, T.P., Pires, J., Silvester, R., Zhao, C., Song, J., Criscuolo, N.G., Gilbert, M., Bonhoeffer, S., and Laxminarayan, R. (2019). Global trends in antimicrobial resistance in animals in low- and middle-income countries. Science, 365.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw1944"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635871","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.635871","article-title":"Market Chickens as a Source of Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli in a Peri-Urban Community in Lima, Peru","volume":"12","author":"Murray","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2501.180534","article-title":"Meat and fish as sources of extended-spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase\u2013 producing Escherichia coli, Cambodia","volume":"25","author":"Nadimpalli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30273-7","article-title":"Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in human-derived and foodchain-derived samples from England, Wales, and Scotland: An epidemiological surveillance and typing study","volume":"19","author":"Day","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taw102","article-title":"The ecology of extended-spectrum b-lactamases (ESBLs) in the developed world","volume":"24","author":"Doi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"WHO (2015). Antibiotic Resistance: Multi-Country Public Awareness Survey, WHO Press."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckv043","article-title":"Health literacy in Europe: Comparative results of the European health literacy survey (HLS-EU)","volume":"25","author":"Pelikan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2018.04.013","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude and perception regarding antimicrobial resistance and usage among ruminant farmers in Selangor, Malaysia","volume":"156","author":"Sadiq","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4047","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.10.4047-4049.2004","article-title":"Relationship between phenotypic and genotypic florfenicol resistance in Escherichia coli","volume":"48","author":"Singer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salm, F., Ernsting, C., Kuhlmey, A., Kanzler, M., Gastmeier, P., and Gellert, P. (2018). Antibiotic use, knowledge and health literacy among the general population in Berlin, Germany and its surrounding rural areas. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193336"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00002-11","article-title":"Food Animals and Antimicrobials: Impacts on Human Health","volume":"24","author":"Marshall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2013.10.002","article-title":"Management of urinary tract infections from multidrug-resistant organisms","volume":"28","author":"Gupta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2006.08.006","article-title":"Effects on poultry and livestock of feed contamination with bacteria and fungi","volume":"133","author":"Maciorowski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sk\u00f3ra, J., Matusiak, K., Wojew\u00f3dzki, P., Nowak, A., Sulyok, M., Ligocka, A., Okrasa, M., Hermann, J., and Gutarowska, B. (2016). Evaluation of microbiological and chemical contaminants in poultry farms. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13020192"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.59.4.987-996.1993","article-title":"Colonization of broiler chickens by waterborne Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"59","author":"Pearson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2008-00327","article-title":"Study on acquisition of bacterial antibiotic resistance determinants in poultry litter","volume":"88","author":"Dhanarani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2013.02.008","article-title":"CTX-M-type \u03b2-lactamases: A successful story of antibiotic resistance","volume":"303","author":"Arena","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(02)00069-8","article-title":"Drug administration to poultry","volume":"54","author":"Vermeulen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Diario Oficial del Bicentenario (2019). Resoluci\u00f3n Directoral No 0091-2019-MINAGRI-SENASA-DIAIA, Diario El Peruano."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6659","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez536","article-title":"Withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters from broiler diets: Performance indexes and economic impact","volume":"98","author":"Cardinal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix879","article-title":"Combating Global Antibiotic Resistance: Emerging One Health Concerns in Lower-and Middle-Income Countries","volume":"66","author":"Nadimpalli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00078","article-title":"Drivers of Antibiotic Use in Poultry Production in Bangladesh: Dependencies and Dynamics of a Patron-Client Relationship","volume":"7","author":"Rousham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00297","article-title":"Addressing Individual Values to Impact Prudent Antimicrobial Prescribing in Animal Agriculture","volume":"7","author":"Redding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmi, S.A., Simons, D., Elton, L., Haider, N., Hamid, M.M.A., Shuaib, Y.A., Khan, M.A., Othman, I., Kock, R., and Osman, A.Y. (2021). Identification of risk factors associated with resistant escherichia coli isolates from poultry farms in the east coast of peninsular malaysia: A cross sectional study. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10020117"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.17.195834","article-title":"Antibiotic use in poultry: A survey of eight farms in Thailand","volume":"96","author":"Wongsuvan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2021.107997","article-title":"Survey of small local produce growers\u2019 perception of antibiotic resistance issues at farmers markets","volume":"125","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"2","article-title":"Risk assessment for antibiotic resistance in South East Asia","volume":"358","author":"Chereau","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00021-15","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00021-15","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance in Animal and Environmental Samples Associated with Small-Scale Poultry Farming in Northwestern Ecuador","volume":"1","author":"Braykov","year":"2016","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.708182","article-title":"Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli Strains and Their Plasmids in People, Poultry, and Chicken Meat in Laos","volume":"12","author":"Moser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"FAO Animal Production and Health Division (2008). Poultry Sector Country Review: India, FAO Animal Production and Health Division."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"CLSI (2018). M100: Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [28th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (2017). Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs and Zone Diameters Version 7.1, European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"117","article-title":"Heat Treatment of Bacteria: A Simple Method of DNA Extraction for Molecular Techniques","volume":"41","author":"Dashti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kuwait Med. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3724","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.12.3724-3732.2003","article-title":"Prevalence and Molecular Epidemiology of CTX-M Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Russian Hospitals","volume":"47","author":"Edelstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/11\/2\/190\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:12:24Z","timestamp":1760134344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/11\/2\/190"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics11020190"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics11020190","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]}}}