{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:24:27Z","timestamp":1791559467629,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012793","name":"Marquette University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Explore Challenge Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Explore Challenge Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012793","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006817","name":"University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Start-up Funds from the Biomedical Sciences Department"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Start-up Funds from the Biomedical Sciences Department"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006817","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The World Health Organization has identified antibiotic resistance as one of the largest threats to human health and food security. In this study, we compared antibiotic resistance patterns between ESBL-producing Escherichia coli from human clinical diseases and cefotaxime-resistant environmental strains, as well as their potential to be pathogenic. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested amongst clinical isolates (n = 11), hospital wastewater (n = 22), and urban wastewater (n = 36, both influent and treated effluents). Multi-drug resistance predominated (&gt;70%) among hospitalwastewater and urban wastewater influent isolates. Interestingly, isolates from clinical and urban treated effluents showed similar multi-drug resistance rates (~50%). Most hospital wastewater isolates were Phylogroup A, while clinical isolates were predominately B2, with a more diverse phylogroup population in urban wastewater. ESBL characterization of cefotaxime-resistant populations identified blaCTX-M-1 subgroup as the most common, whereby blaKPC was more associated with ceftazidime and ertapenem resistance. Whole-genome sequencing of a carbapenemase-producing hospital wastewater E. coli strain revealed plasmid-mediated blaKPC-2. Among cefotaxime-resistant populations, over 60% of clinical and 30% of treated effluent E. coli encoded three or more virulence genes exhibiting a pathogenic potential. Together, the similarity among treated effluent E. coli populations and clinical strains suggest effluents could serve as a reservoir for future multi-drug resistant E. coli clinical infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11020260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T20:24:26Z","timestamp":1645129466000},"page":"260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Similarities in Virulence and Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Gene Profiles among Cefotaxime-Resistant Escherichia coli Wastewater and Clinical Isolates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Liedhegner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Bojar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9648-4948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachelle E.","family":"Beattie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin","family":"Cahak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin Diagnostic Laboratories, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krassimira R.","family":"Hristova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1920-0788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Troy","family":"Skwor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"CDC (2019). 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