{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:51:09Z","timestamp":1760151069145,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]],"date-time":"2022-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing concern about bacterial resistance has made the rational prescription of antibiotics even more urgent. The non-pharmacological measures established to reduce the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic have modified the epidemiology of pediatric infections and, consequently, the use of antibiotics. Interrupted time series (ITS) analyses are quasi-experimental studies that allow for the estimation of causal effects with observational data in \u201cnatural experiments\u201d, such as changes in health policies or pandemics. The effect of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the incidence of infectious diseases and the use of antibiotics between 2018 and 2020 in the Health Area of Vigo (Galicia, Spain) was quantified and analyzed. This paper outlines a real-world data study with administrative records from primary care services provided for the pediatric population. The records were related to episodes classified as infectious by the International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC-2) and oral medication in the therapeutic subgroup J01, corresponding to antibiotics for systemic use, according to the World Health Organization\u2019s Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system. The records were classified according to incident episodes, age, dose per inhabitant, and year. Segmented regression models were applied using an algorithm that automatically identifies the number and position of the change points. During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the number of infectious diseases being transmitted between individuals, through the air and through the fecal\u2013oral route, significantly decreased, and a slight decrease in infections transmitted via other mechanisms (urinary tract infections) was also found. In parallel, during the months of the pandemic, there has been a marked and significant reduction in antibacterial agent utilization, mainly of penicillins, cephalosporins, and macrolides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11020264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T08:14:46Z","timestamp":1645431286000},"page":"264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Interrupted Time Series Analysis of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and the Consumption of Antibiotics in an Atlantic European Region during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9552-1260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Claver\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Galicia South Health Research Institute, Health Area of Vigo, Galician Health Service, 36201 Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"Network for Research on Chronicity, Primary Care, and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), 08007 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2937-9651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Victoria","family":"Delgado-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moa\u00f1a Health Center, Health Area of Vigo, Galician Health Service, 36950 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Goicoechea-Casta\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e1rdoma Health Center, Health Area of Vigo, Galician Health Service, 36214 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Iglesias-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Val Mi\u00f1or Health Center, Health Area of Vigo, Galician Health Service, 36350 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Garc\u00eda-Cend\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Val Mi\u00f1or Health Center, Health Area of Vigo, Galician Health Service, 36350 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6982-8661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Victoria","family":"Mart\u00edn-Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Network for Research on Chronicity, Primary Care, and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), 08007 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Vigo Family and Community Medicine and Nursing Teaching Unit, Health Area of Vigo, Galician Health Service, 36201 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Villarino-Moure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e1rdoma Health Center, Health Area of Vigo, Galician Health Service, 36214 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Barreiro-Arceiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baiona Health Center, Health Area of Vigo, Galician Health Service, 36201 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Rey-G\u00f3mez-Serranillos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Services, Health Area of Vigo, Galician Health Service, 36201 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3107-4515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Roca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Network for Research on Chronicity, Primary Care, and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), 08007 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n e Tecnolox\u00eda Matem\u00e1tica de Galicia (CITMAGA), Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Statistics and Operational Research, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Fleming, A. 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