{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T13:20:03Z","timestamp":1781875203068,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]],"date-time":"2022-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The association between prolonged antibiotic (AB) use in neonates and increased incidence of later life diseases is not yet fully understood. AB treatment in early life alters intestinal epithelial cell composition, functioning, and maturation, which could be the basis for later life health effects. Here, we investigated whether AB-induced changes in the neonatal gut persisted up to adulthood and whether early life AB had additional long-term consequences for gut functioning. Mice received AB orally from postnatal day 10 to 20. Intestinal morphology, permeability, and gene and protein expression at 8 weeks were analyzed. Our data showed that the majority of the early life AB-induced gut effects did not persist into adulthood, yet early life AB did impact later life gut functioning. Specifically, the proximal small intestine (SI) of adult mice treated with AB in early life was characterized by hyperproliferative crypts, increased number of Paneth cells, and alterations in enteroendocrine cell-specific gene expression profiles. The distal SI of adult mice displayed a reduced expression of antibacterial defense markers. Together, our results suggest that early life AB leads to structural and physiological changes in the adult gut, which may contribute to disease development when homeostatic conditions are under challenge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11020267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T08:14:46Z","timestamp":1645431286000},"page":"267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Altered Gut Structure and Anti-Bacterial Defense in Adult Mice Treated with Antibiotics during Early Life"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Martins","family":"Martins Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam UMC, AGEM, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manon","family":"van Roest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam UMC, AGEM, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline L. M.","family":"Vermeulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam UMC, AGEM, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sander","family":"Meisner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam UMC, AGEM, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0890-7585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Koster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manon E.","family":"Wildenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam UMC, AGEM, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0310-6540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruurd","family":"van Elburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanesa","family":"Muncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam UMC, AGEM, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid B.","family":"Renes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00420-y","article-title":"Early life microbial exposures and allergy risks: Opportunities for prevention","volume":"21","author":"Renz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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