{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:03:15Z","timestamp":1792069395442,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main aim of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis (SAP) in urologic procedures is to prevent bacteraemia, surgical site infections (SSIs), and postoperative urinary tract infections (ppUTIs). Guidelines for SAP in paediatric urology are lacking. Only some aspects of this complex topic have been studied, and the use of antibiotic prophylaxis prior to surgical procedures seems to be more often linked to institutional schools of thought or experts\u2019 opinions than to rules dictated by studies demonstrating the most correct and preferred management. Therefore, the aim of this Consensus document realized using the RAND\/UCLA appropriateness method is to provide clinicians with a series of recommendations on SAP for the prevention of bacteraemia, SSIs, and ppUTIs after urologic imaging and surgical procedures in paediatric patients. Despite the few available studies, experts agree on some basilar concepts related to SAP for urologic procedures in paediatric patients. Before any urological procedure is conducted, UTI must be excluded. Clean procedures do not require SAP, with the exception of prosthetic device implantation and groin and perineal incisions where the SSI risk may be increased. In contrast, SAP is needed in clean-contaminated procedures. Studies have also suggested the safety of eliminating SAP in paediatric hernia repair and orchiopexy. To limit the emergence of resistance, every effort to reduce and rationalize antibiotic consumption for SAP must be made. Increased use of antibiotic stewardship can be greatly effective in this regard.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11030296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T09:34:38Z","timestamp":1645608878000},"page":"296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Antimicrobial Prophylaxis for Urologic Procedures in Paediatric Patients: A RAND\/UCLA Appropriateness Method Consensus Study in Italy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Susanna","family":"Esposito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, University Hospital, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Rigotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Argentiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, University Hospital, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3196-2435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Caminiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Innovation Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5336-8429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elio","family":"Castagnola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Lancella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric and Infectious Disease Unit, Academic Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0048-3933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Venturini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Meyer Children\u2019s Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7549-3514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maia","family":"De Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Bambino Gesu\u2019 Children\u2019s Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8026-0715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"La Grutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5877-440X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Surgery, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simonetta","family":"Tesoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Intensive Care, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matilde","family":"Ciccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Maggiore Hospital, 40133 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annamaria","family":"Staiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5895-8313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Autore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, University Hospital, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Piacentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3468-5568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Principi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The Peri-Operative Prophylaxis in Neonatal and Paediatric Age (POP-NeoPed) Study 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