{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T13:46:57Z","timestamp":1761745617312,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]],"date-time":"2022-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF2020R1F1A1076452"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF2020R1F1A1076452"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, our objective was to assess the association of body mass in preschool children with the use of antibiotics within 6 months after birth. National administrative databases were used to examine all children born between 2008 and 2009 in Korea. Exposure was defined as the use of systemic antibiotics during the first 6 months of age. The observed outcomes were stunting (height for age [HFA] z score &lt; \u22122.0), short stature (HFA z score &lt; \u22121.64), overweight (body mass index [BMI] for age z score \u2265 1.04), and obesity (BMI for age z score \u2265 1.64), and the children\u2019s height and body weight were measured from three to six years of age. To balance characteristics between the antibiotic user and non-user groups, propensity score matching was performed. The outcomes were evaluated using a generalized estimation equation with the logit link function. Analysis of antibiotic use by children during the first 6 months of life indicated there were 203,073 users (54.9%) and 166,505 non-users (45.1%). After PS matching, there were 72,983 antibiotic users and 72,983 non-users. Antibiotic use was significantly associated with stunting (aOR = 1.198, 95% CI = 1.056 to 1.360) and short stature (aOR = 1.043, 95% CI = 1.004 to 1.083), and had significant negative association with HFA z score (weighted \u03b2 = \u22120.023). The use of an antibiotic for 14 days or more had a marked association with stunting. Antibiotic use was also associated with overweight, obesity, and increased BMI for age z score. Antibiotic use during the first 6 months of life increased the risk of stunting, short stature, overweight, and obesity in preschool children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11040507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T00:23:11Z","timestamp":1649722991000},"page":"507","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Association of Antibiotic Use during the First 6 Months of Life with Body Mass of Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ji Hee","family":"Kwak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 03181, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5632-5208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung Won","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Data Science, College of Software Convergence, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jung Eun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Data Science, College of Software Convergence, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8863-5729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun Kyo","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center, Seoul 07441, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hey-Sung","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center, Seoul 05355, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ju Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Data Science, College of Software Convergence, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center, Seoul 05355, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9077-5779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Man Yong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2879","article-title":"Trends of outpatient prescription drug utilization in US children, 2002\u20132010","volume":"130","author":"Chai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1325","article-title":"Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in the community setting","volume":"4","author":"Furuya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. 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