{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T23:28:33Z","timestamp":1792452513509,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background:Campylobacter and Salmonella are the leading causes of foodborne diseases worldwide. Recently, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become one of the most critical challenges for public health and food safety. To investigate and detect infections commonly transmitted from animals, food, and the environment to humans, a surveillance\u2013response system integrating human and animal health, the environment, and food production components (iSRS), called a One Health approach, would be optimal. Objective: We aimed to identify existing integrated One Health studies on foodborne illnesses in the Middle East and to determine the prevalence, serovars, and antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genotypes of Salmonella and Campylobacter strains among humans and food-producing animals. Methods: The databases Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed were searched for literature published from January 2010 until September 2021. Studies meeting inclusion criteria were included and assessed for risk of bias. To assess the temporal and spatial relationship between resistant strains from humans and animals, a statistical random-effects model meta-analysis was performed. Results: 41 out of 1610 studies that investigated Campylobacter and non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS) in the Middle East were included. The NTS prevalence rates among human and food-producing animals were 9% and 13%, respectively. The Campylobacter prevalence rates were 22% in humans and 30% in food-producing animals. The most-reported NTS serovars were Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium, while Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli were the most prevalent species of Campylobacter. NTS isolates were highly resistant to erythromycin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, and ampicillin. C. jejuni isolates showed high resistance against amoxicillin, trimethoprim\u2013sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid, azithromycin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin. The most prevalent Antimicrobial Resistance Genes (ARGs) in isolates from humans included tetO (85%), Class 1 Integrons (81%), blaOXA-61 (53%), and cmeB (51%), whereas in food-producing animals, the genes were tetO (77%), Class 1 integrons (69%), blaOXA-61 (35%), and cmeB (35%). The One Health approach was not rigorously applied in the Middle East countries. Furthermore, there was an uneven distribution in the reported data between the countries. Conclusion: More studies using a simultaneous approach targeting human, animal health, the environment, and food production components along with a solid epidemiological study design are needed to better understand the drivers for the emergence and spread of foodborne pathogens and AMR in the Middle East.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11050536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T22:07:26Z","timestamp":1650406046000},"page":"536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Integrated Studies on Salmonella and Campylobacter Prevalence, Serovar, and Phenotyping and Genetic of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Middle East\u2014A One Health Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Said","family":"Abukhattab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstr. 2, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haneen","family":"Taweel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, West Bank P.O. Box 14, Palestine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arein","family":"Awad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, West Bank P.O. Box 14, Palestine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4406-0238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Crump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstr. 2, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascale","family":"Vonaesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, B\u00e2timent Biophore, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"Zinsstag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstr. 2, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Hattendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstr. 2, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niveen M. E.","family":"Abu-Rmeileh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, West Bank P.O. Box 14, Palestine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devleesschauwer, B., Bouwknegt, M., Mangen, M.-J.J., and Havelaar, A.H. (2017). Health and economic burden of Campylobacter. Campylobacter, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803623-5.00002-2"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00591-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00591-19","article-title":"Worldwide epidemiology of Salmonella serovars in animal-based foods: A meta-analysis","volume":"85","author":"Ferrari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30521-3","article-title":"Non-typhoidal salmonella: Invasive, lethal, and on the loose","volume":"19","author":"Amuasi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2013.1704","article-title":"Global incidence of human Shiga toxin\u2013producing Escherichia coli infections and deaths: A systematic review and knowledge synthesis","volume":"11","author":"Majowicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Connerton, I., and Connerton, P. (2017). Campylobacter foodborne disease. Foodborne Diseases, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385007-2.00008-5"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00006-15","article-title":"Global epidemiology of Campylobacter infection","volume":"28","author":"Kaakoush","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"e05500","article-title":"The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2017","volume":"16","author":"Authority","year":"2018","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2022, February 20). WHO\u2019s First Ever Global Estimates of Foodborne Diseases Find Children under 5 Account for Almost One Third of Deaths. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/03-12-2015-who-s-first-ever-global-estimates-of-foodborne-diseases-find-children-under-5-account-for-almost-one-third-of-deaths."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268810000270","article-title":"A Middle East subregional laboratory-based surveillance network on foodborne diseases established by Jordan, Israel, and the Palestinian Authority","volume":"138","author":"Cohen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881100197X","article-title":"Recent trends in the epidemiology of non-typhoidal Salmonella in Israel, 1999\u20132009","volume":"140","author":"Bassal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"173","article-title":"The burden of different pathogens in acute diarrhoeal episodes among a cohort of Egyptian children less than five years old","volume":"10","author":"Salem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prz. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268810000737","article-title":"Campylobacter is the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis and dysentery in hospitalized children in the Western Galilee Region in Israel","volume":"138","author":"Dayan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2007.217","article-title":"Isolation and drug-resistant patterns of Campylobacter strains cultured from diarrheic children in Tehran","volume":"60","author":"Feizabadi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2007.01.010","article-title":"Detection and identification of bacterial enteropathogens by polymerase chain reaction and conventional techniques in childhood acute gastroenteritis in Gaza, Palestine","volume":"11","author":"Elamreen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-17070-9","article-title":"Antimicrobial-resistant foodborne pathogens in the Middle East: A systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Alsayeqh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13642","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of integrated studies on antimicrobial resistance genes in Africa\u2014A One Health perspective","volume":"26","author":"Escher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia, S.N., Osburn, B.I., and Jay-Russell, M.T. (2020). One health for food safety, food security, and sustainable food production. Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2020.00001"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Racloz, V., Waltner-Toews, D., and DC, K.S. (2015). 8 Integrated Risk Assessment\u2013Foodborne Diseases. One Health: The Theory and Practice of Integrated Health Approaches, CABI.","DOI":"10.1079\/9781780643410.0085"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"King, L.J. (2013). Combating the triple threat: The need for a One Health approach. Microbiol. Spectr., 1.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.OH-0012-2012"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul, R.J., and Varghese, D. (2020). AMR in Animal Health: Issues and One Health Solutions for LMICs. Antimicrobial Resistance, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-3658-8_6"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.04.041","article-title":"Critical knowledge gaps and research needs related to the environmental dimensions of antibiotic resistance","volume":"117","author":"Larsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.11.014","article-title":"Assessing risk of bias in prevalence studies: Modification of an existing tool and evidence of interrater agreement","volume":"65","author":"Hoy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"719","article-title":"Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease","volume":"22","author":"Mantel","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zinsstag, J., Schelling, E., Crump, L., Whittaker, M., Tanner, M., and Stephen, C. (2020). One Health: The theory and Practice of Integrated Health Approaches, CABI.","DOI":"10.1079\/9781789242577.0000"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092478","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2092478","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of thermophilic Campylobacter species in humans and animals in sub-saharan Africa: A systematic review","volume":"2020","author":"Gahamanyi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asuming-Bediako, N., Parry-Hanson Kunadu, A., Abraham, S., and Habib, I. (2019). Campylobacter at the human\u2013food interface: The african perspective. Pathogens, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8020087"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.12.177","article-title":"Human Campylobacteriosis in Southeast Asia: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review","volume":"116","author":"Wada","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.05.017","article-title":"Worldwide meta-analysis of the prevalence of Campylobacter in animal food products","volume":"132","author":"Zbrun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hlashwayo, D.F., Siga\u00faque, B., Noormahomed, E.V., Afonso, S.M., Mandomando, I.M., and Bila, C.G. (2021). A systematic review and meta-analysis reveal that Campylobacter spp. and antibiotic resistance are widespread in humans in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245951"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12631","article-title":"Prevalence of enteric non-typhoidal Salmonella in humans in the Middle East and North Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"66","author":"Chaabna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2019.106908","article-title":"Prevalence of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica in food products in the Middle East and North Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"109","author":"Chaabna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.11.019","article-title":"Campylobacteriosis: The role of poultry meat","volume":"22","author":"Skarp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2007.03368.x","article-title":"Prevalence of Salmonella enterica serovars and genovars from chicken carcasses in slaughterhouses in Spain","volume":"103","author":"Capita","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-11-215","article-title":"Prevalence of Salmonella on raw poultry at retail markets in China","volume":"74","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106836","article-title":"Surveillance and prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria from public settings within urban built environments: Challenges and opportunities for hygiene and infection control","volume":"157","author":"Cave","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Authority, E.F.S. (2022). The European Union Summary Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2019\u20132020. EFSA J., 20.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2022.7209"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marotta, F., Garofolo, G., Di Marcantonio, L., Di Serafino, G., Neri, D., Romantini, R., Sacchini, L., Alessiani, A., Di Donato, G., and Nuvoloni, R. (2019). Antimicrobial resistance genotypes and phenotypes of Campylobacter jejuni isolated in Italy from humans, birds from wild and urban habitats, and poultry. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225231"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01014","article-title":"Genetic basis and clonal population structure of antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter jejuni isolated from broiler carcasses in Belgium","volume":"9","author":"Elhadidy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"WHO (2017). WHO Guidelines on Use of Medically Important Antimicrobials in Food-Producing Animals: Web Annex A: Evidence Base, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2022, February 20). Antimicrobial Resistance: FAO. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/antimicrobial-resistance\/world-antimicrobial-awareness-week\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2022, February 20). Antimicrobial Resistance: OIE. Available online: https:\/\/www.oie.int\/en\/what-we-do\/global-initiatives\/antimicrobial-resistance\/."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2019.0475","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates from human and swine sources in brazil: A systematic review of the past three decades","volume":"26","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S55778","article-title":"Agriculture and food animals as a source of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria","volume":"8","author":"Economou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.17843\/rpmesp.2016.331.1899","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. isolated animal food for human consumption","volume":"33","author":"Quesada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Peru. Med. Exp. Salud Publica"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-021-00569-z","article-title":"Antibiotic resistome from the One-Health perspective: Understanding and controlling antimicrobial resistance transmission","volume":"53","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Aziz, A., Norhan, K., Ammar, A.M., Hamdy, M.M., Gobouri, A.A., Azab, E., and Sewid, A.H. (2020). First report of aacC5-aadA7\u03944 Gene Cassette array and phage tail tape measure protein on Class 1 Integrons of Campylobacter Species isolated from animal and human sources in Egypt. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10112067"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.pjz\/20190324080346","article-title":"Campylobacter Species Isolated from Chickens in Egypt: Molecular Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance","volume":"52","author":"Ghoneim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pak. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2019.06.001","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistances, and molecular typing of Campylobacter jejuni isolates, separated from food-producing animals and diarrhea patients in Iran","volume":"65","author":"Divsalar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"269","article-title":"Serogroups, and drug resistance of nontyphoidal Salmonella in symptomatic patients with community-acquired diarrhea and chicken meat samples in Tehran","volume":"21","author":"Besharati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2019.2719","article-title":"Virulence and antibiotic resistance patterns of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg isolated from broiler chickens and poultry workers: A potential hazard","volume":"17","author":"Elhariri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathoge. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Youssef, R.A., Abbas, A.M., El-Shehawi, A.M., Mabrouk, M.I., and Aboshanab, K.M. (2021). Serotyping and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Enteric Nontyphoidal Salmonella Recovered from Febrile Neutropenic Patients and Poultry in Egypt. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10050493"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mouftah, S.F., Cobo-D\u00edaz, J.F., \u00c1lvarez-Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, A., Elserafy, M., Saif, N.A., Sadat, A., El-Shibiny, A., and Elhadidy, M. (2021). High-throughput sequencing reveals genetic determinants associated with antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter spp. from farm-to-fork. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253797"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01107","article-title":"Integrating whole-genome sequencing data into quantitative risk assessment of foodborne antimicrobial resistance: A review of opportunities and challenges","volume":"10","author":"Collineau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4597","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.14760","article-title":"Gene pool transmission of multidrug resistance among Campylobacter from livestock, sewage and human disease","volume":"21","author":"Mourkas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/11\/5\/536\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:56:32Z","timestamp":1760136992000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/11\/5\/536"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics11050536"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics11050536","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]}}}