{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T18:13:03Z","timestamp":1784657583199,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,7]],"date-time":"2022-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dopharma, VMD Livestock pharma, and Virbac"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Colistin has been used for the treatment of non-invasive gastrointestinal infections caused by avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC). The discovery of mobilised colistin resistance (mcr) in E. coli has instigated a One Health approach to minimise colistin use and the spread of resistance. The aim of this study was to compare colistin susceptibility of APECs (collected from Denmark n = 25 and France n = 39) versus commensal E. coli (collected from the Netherlands n = 51 and the UK n = 60), alongside genetic (mcr-1\u20135) and phenotypic resistance against six other antimicrobial classes (aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, penicillins, sulphonamides\/trimethoprim, tetracyclines). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined using a broth microdilution method (EUCAST guidelines), and phenotypic resistance was determined using disk diffusion. Colistin MIC values of APEC were significantly lower than those for commensals by 1 dilution (p &lt; 0.0001, Anderson-Darling test), and differences in distributions were observed between countries. No isolate carried mcr-1\u20135. Three phenotypically resistant isolates were identified in 2\/62 APEC and 1\/111 commensal isolates. Gentamicin or gentamicin\u2013ceftriaxone co-resistance was observed in two of these isolates. This study showed a low prevalence of phenotypic colistin resistance, with no apparent difference in colistin resistance between commensal E. coli strains and APEC strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11050631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]],"date-time":"2022-05-08T08:04:21Z","timestamp":1651997061000},"page":"631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Epidemiological Prevalence of Phenotypical Resistances and Mobilised Colistin Resistance in Avian Commensal and Pathogenic E. coli from Denmark, France, The Netherlands, and the UK"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3550-3030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Mead","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College (RVC), Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candice","family":"Billon-Lotz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1548-3933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rikke","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Stigb\u00f8jlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5328-8325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben","family":"Swift","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College (RVC), Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Richez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transpharm, 42 chemin des Olivettes, 34160 Saint-Genies des Mourgues, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Stabler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), University of London, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludovic","family":"Pelligand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College (RVC), Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fnv118","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnv118","article-title":"Avian colibacillosis: Still many black holes","volume":"362","author":"Guabiraba","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. 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