{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T14:25:43Z","timestamp":1777559143850,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MSIT","award":["NRF-2017M3A9E4078014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2017M3A9E4078014"]}]},{"name":"MSIT","award":["NRF-2021R1A2C3004826"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A2C3004826"]}]},{"name":"MSIT","award":["NRF-2019R1C1C1008615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1C1C1008615"]}]},{"name":"MSIT","award":["109304-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109304-002"]}]},{"name":"NRF","award":["NRF-2017M3A9E4078014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2017M3A9E4078014"]}]},{"name":"NRF","award":["NRF-2021R1A2C3004826"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A2C3004826"]}]},{"name":"NRF","award":["NRF-2019R1C1C1008615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1C1C1008615"]}]},{"name":"NRF","award":["109304-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109304-002"]}]},{"name":"IDRC","award":["NRF-2017M3A9E4078014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2017M3A9E4078014"]}]},{"name":"IDRC","award":["NRF-2021R1A2C3004826"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A2C3004826"]}]},{"name":"IDRC","award":["NRF-2019R1C1C1008615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1C1C1008615"]}]},{"name":"IDRC","award":["109304-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109304-002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The WHO has classified carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in most critical priority pathogens that pose a threat to human health. The present study investigated the prevalence of meropenem-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) in relation to its temporal variation in different seasons along with its resistance markers in sewage water. E. coli was selected on MacConkey agar containing meropenem (3 \u00b5g\/mL). There were 27% of sites\/sewage samples carrying meropenem-resistant E. coli. All E. coli were confirmed through the amplification of the uidA gene. All isolated E. coli were multidrug-resistant (MDR), and among them, 51% were extensively drug-resistant (XDR). An antibiogram determined against 15 antibiotics showed the highest resistance to ampicillin and cefotaxime (98% each) and lowest resistance to fosfomycin (2%). Phylogenetic groups and resistance gene analysis through PCR showed a significant co-occurrence of carbapenemases with extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBLs), plasmid encoded quinolone, and colistin resistance genes. The higher number of resistance genes in E. coli isolates in community sewage indirectly indicate that these isolates circulate abundantly in the community.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11050635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T21:23:27Z","timestamp":1652131407000},"page":"635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Temporal Variation of Meropenem Resistance in E. coli Isolated from Sewage Water in Islamabad, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Saba","family":"Yasmin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8828-7090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asad-Mustafa","family":"Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Leading Research Laboratory of Drug Resistance Proteomics, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin 17058, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5660-7122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang-Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Leading Research Laboratory of Drug Resistance Proteomics, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin 17058, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8784-0114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rabaab","family":"Zahra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/nature.2017.21550","article-title":"The drug-resistant bacteria that pose the greatest health threats","volume":"543","author":"Willyard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3236","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e3236","article-title":"Carbapenem antibiotics for serious infections","volume":"344","author":"Hawkey","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05035-11","article-title":"Carbapenemases in Klebsiella pneumoniae and other Enterobacteriaceae: An evolving crisis of global dimensions","volume":"25","author":"Tzouvelekis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. 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