{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:50:25Z","timestamp":1790740225992,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fungal infections represent a serious complication during the post-liver transplantation period. Abdominal infections can occur following pre-existing colonization, surgical procedures, and permanence of abdominal tubes. In our center, liposomal amphotericin-B is used as antifungal prophylaxis in pediatric patients undergoing liver transplantation. The aim of this study is to evaluate peritoneal levels of amphotericin-B following intravenous administration. Six liver recipients received liposomal amphotericin-B. Three of them were treated as prophylaxis; meanwhile, three patients received liposomal amphotericin-B to treat Candida albicans infection. Plasma and peritoneal amphotericin-B levels were measured by LC-MS\/MS in two consecutive samplings. Cmin (pre-dose) and Cmax (2 h after the end of infusion) were evaluated as drug exposure parameters for both plasma and peritoneum. Our results showed that peritoneal amphotericin-B levels were significantly lower than plasma and that the correlation coefficient was 0.72 (p = 0.03) between plasma and peritoneal Cmin. Moreover, although peritoneal levels were within the therapeutic range, they never reached the PK\/PD target (Cmax\/MIC &gt; 4.5). In conclusion, PK exposure parameters could be differently used to analyze amphotericin-B concentrations in plasma and peritoneum. However, liposomal amphotericin-B should be preferred in these patients as prophylactic rather than therapeutic treatment for fungal infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11050640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T10:19:46Z","timestamp":1652264386000},"page":"640","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Amphotericin-B in Plasma and Peritoneal Fluid of Pediatric Patients after Liver Transplantation: A Case Series"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Tortora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Dei Giudici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3989-7703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Simeoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Specialties and Liver-kidney Transplantation, Division of Metabolic Diseases and Drug Biology, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0265-609X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Chiusolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Cairoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Specialties and Liver-kidney Transplantation, Division of Metabolic Diseases and Drug Biology, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Bernaschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology, Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio Giuseppe","family":"Picardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Dionisi Vici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Specialties and Liver-kidney Transplantation, Division of Metabolic Diseases and Drug Biology, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca Maria","family":"Goffredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Specialties and Liver-kidney Transplantation, Division of Metabolic Diseases and Drug Biology, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13288","DOI":"10.1111\/petr.13288","article-title":"Aggressive prevention and preemptive management of vascular complications after pediatric liver transplantation: A major impact on graft survival and long-term outcome","volume":"22","author":"Grimaldi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatric Transplant."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.08.010","article-title":"Cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction: Distinctive features and clinical relevance","volume":"61","author":"Albillos","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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J."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/11\/5\/640\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:09:04Z","timestamp":1760137744000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/11\/5\/640"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics11050640"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics11050640","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]}}}