{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T19:48:13Z","timestamp":1792007293816,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental research grant (FRG) scheme, American University of Sharjah","award":["FRG20-L-S26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRG20-L-S26"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To combat the public health threat posed by multiple-drug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, new drugs with novel chemistry and modes of action are needed. In this study, several drugs including Hesperidin (HES), curcumin (CUR), and Amphotericin B (AmpB) drug\u2013nanoparticle formulations were tested for antibacterial strength against MDR Gram-positive bacteria, including Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli K1, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, and Serratia marcescens. Nanoparticles were synthesized and subjected to Atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, and Zetasizer for their detailed characterization. Antibacterial assays were performed to determine their bactericidal efficacy. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays were carried out to measure drugs\u2019 and drug\u2013nanoparticles\u2019 cytotoxic effects on human cells. Spherical NPs ranging from 153 to 300\u2009nm were successfully synthesized. Results from antibacterial assays revealed that drugs and drug\u2013nanoparticle formulations exerted bactericidal activity against MDR bacteria. Hesperidin alone failed to exhibit antibacterial effects but, upon conjugation with cinnamic-acid-based magnetic nanoparticle, exerted significant bactericidal activity against both the Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates. AmpB-LBA-MNPs produced consistent, potent antibacterial efficacy (100% kill) against all Gram-positive bacteria. AmpB-LBA-MNPs showed strong antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Intriguingly, all the drugs and their conjugated counterpart except AmpB showed minimal cytotoxicity against human cells. In summary, these innovative nanoparticle formulations have the potential to be utilized as therapeutic agents against infections caused by MDR bacteria and represent a significant advancement in our effort to counter MDR bacterial infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11050696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T13:56:12Z","timestamp":1653054972000},"page":"696","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Hesperidin-, Curcumin-, and Amphotericin B- Based Nano-Formulations as Potential Antibacterials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Noor","family":"Akbar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Kawish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7667-8553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naveed","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 26521, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan","family":"Alfahemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha 65799, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9646-6208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruqaiyyah","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Antibiotics and Bacterial Resistance in the 21st Century","volume":"6","author":"Fair","year":"2014","journal-title":"Perspect. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"277","article-title":"The Antibiotic Resistance Crisis: Part 1: Causes and Threats","volume":"40","author":"Ventola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1215093","article-title":"The Future of Antibiotics and Resistance","volume":"368","author":"Spellberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogawara, H. (2019). Comparison of Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms in Antibiotic-Producing and Pathogenic Bacteria. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24193430"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1086\/533452","article-title":"Federal Funding for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance in Nosocomial Pathogens: No ESKAPE","volume":"197","author":"Rice","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01153","article-title":"Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Infections Caused by Multidrug-Resistant Organisms","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.2.5.17035","article-title":"The Growing Role of Nanotechnology in Combating Infectious Disease","volume":"2","author":"Blecher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.03.044","article-title":"The Antimicrobial Efficacy of Sustained Release Silver\u2013Carbene Complex-Loaded l-Tyrosine Polyphosphate Nanoparticles: Characterization, in Vitro and in Vivo Studies","volume":"30","author":"Hindi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2011.07.002","article-title":"\u201cNanoantibiotics\u201d: A New Paradigm for Treating Infectious Diseases Using Nanomaterials in the Antibiotics Resistant Era","volume":"156","author":"Huh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.3390\/polym3010340","article-title":"New Strategies in the Development of Antimicrobial Coatings: The Example of Increasing Usage of Silver and Silver Nanoparticles","volume":"3","author":"Knetsch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.20328","article-title":"The Potential of Nitric Oxide Releasing Therapies as Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"3","author":"Schairer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.2174\/092986710790416290","article-title":"Development of Nanoparticles for Antimicrobial Drug Delivery","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2012.06.004","article-title":"Antibacterial Properties of Nanoparticles","volume":"30","author":"Hajipour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.08.076","article-title":"Eradication of Drug Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus by Liposomal Oleic Acids","volume":"32","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Akbar, N., Kawish, M., Jabri, T., Khan, N.A., Shah, M.R., and Siddiqui, R. (2020). Enhancing efficacy of existing antibacterials against selected multiple drug resistant bacteria using cinnamic acid-coated magnetic iron oxide and mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Pathog. Glob. Health, 1\u201317."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2011.04.012","article-title":"Transformation of cinnamic acid from trans-to cis-form raises a notable bactericidal and synergistic activity against multiple-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2014.01.007","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species-related activities of nano-iron metal and nano-iron oxides","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr408","article-title":"In Vitro Antimicrobial Studies of Silver Carbene Complexes: Activity of Free and Nanoparticle Carbene Formulations against Clinical Isolates of Pathogenic Bacteria","volume":"67","author":"Leid","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S121956","article-title":"The Antimicrobial Activity of Nanoparticles: Present Situation and Prospects for the Future","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2020.00286","article-title":"Nano-Based Drug Delivery or Targeting to Eradicate Bacteria for Infection Mitigation: A Review of Recent Advances","volume":"8","author":"Yeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong, N., Zhang, Z., Zhang, W., Qiu, Y., Gong, Y., Yin, L., Qiu, Q., and Wu, X. (2013). Diosmin Alleviates Retinal Edema by Protecting the Blood-Retinal Barrier and Reducing Retinal Vascular Permeability during Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061794"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39528-0","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activities of Green Synthesized Gums-Stabilized Nanoparticles Loaded with Flavonoids","volume":"9","author":"Anwar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2856","article-title":"Hesperidin Suppressed Proliferations of Both Human Breast Cancer and Androgen-Dependent Prostate Cancer Cells: Hesperidin Suppressed Proliferation of Human Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.82927","article-title":"The Effect of a Flavonoid Fractions Diosmin + Hesperidin on Radiation-Induced Acute Proctitis in a Rat Model","volume":"7","author":"Sezer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Can. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2018.1559175","article-title":"Fabrication of hesperi-din nanoparticles loaded by poly lactic co-Glycolic acid for improved therapeutic efficiency and cy-totoxicity","volume":"47","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6ksal Karay\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, \u00c7. (2017). Characterization and in Vitro Evolution of Antibacterial Efficacy of Novel Hesperidin Microemulsion. Celal Bayar Univ. J. Sci., 943\u2013947.","DOI":"10.18466\/cbayarfbe.370370"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adamczak, A., O\u017carowski, M., and Karpi\u0144ski, T.M. (2020). CURcumin, a Natural Antimicrobial Agent with Strain-Specific Activity. Pharmaceuticals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13070153"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2021.111430","article-title":"Nanovesicles Containing CURcumin Hold Promise in the Development of New Formulations of Anti-Acanthamoebic Agents","volume":"247","author":"Saeed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42559","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA07303H","article-title":"The Mode of Antimicrobial Action of CURcumin Depends on the Delivery System: Monolithic Nanoparticles vs. Supramolecular Inclusion Complex","volume":"7","author":"Shlar","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.34.2.183","article-title":"Amphotericin B: CURrent Understanding of Mechanisms of Action","volume":"34","author":"Brajtburg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(96)01012-7","article-title":"Amphotericin B: New Life for an Old Drug","volume":"17","author":"Hartsel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14872","article-title":"Enhanced in Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Amphotericin B with Berberine against Dual-species Biofilms of Candida Albicans and Staphylococcus Aureus","volume":"130","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(03)74656-6","article-title":"Amphotericin B channels in the bacterial membrane: Role of sterol and temperature","volume":"85","author":"Venegas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/10837450.2020.1866602","article-title":"Galactosylated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Enhancing Oral Bioavailability of Ceftriaxone","volume":"26","author":"Kawish","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharm. Dev. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.1185","article-title":"The Essential Oils of Rinorea Subintegrifolia, O. Ktze And Drypetes Gossweileri, S. Moore occurring in Gabon","volume":"18","author":"Agnaniet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.09.014","article-title":"Surface Modification of Magnetite Nanoparticles Using Lactobionic Acid and Their Interaction with Hepatocytes","volume":"28","author":"Ha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.06.024","article-title":"Lactobionic Acid and Carboxymethyl Chitosan Functionalized Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites as Targeted Anticancer Drug Delivery Systems","volume":"151","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2019.09.022","article-title":"Graphene Oxide\u2013Based Nanocomposite for Sustained Release of Cephalexin","volume":"109","author":"Katuwavila","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-017-0758-7","article-title":"Anticancer Activity of Tamoxifen Loaded Tyrosine Decorated Biocompatible Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles Against Breast Cancer Cell Lines","volume":"28","author":"Nosrati","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1021\/mp100305h","article-title":"Lecithin-Based Novel Cationic Nanocarriers (Leciplex) II: Improving Therapeutic Efficacy of Quercetin on Oral Administration","volume":"8","author":"Date","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1080\/10837450.2018.1486424","article-title":"Design, Characterization, and Evaluation of Aceclofenac-Loaded Eudragit RS 100 Nanoparticulate System for Ocular Delivery","volume":"24","author":"Katara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharm. Dev. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akbar, N., Siddiqui, R., Iqbal, M., and Khan, N.A. (2020). Antibacterial Activities of Selected Pure Compounds Isolated from Gut Bacteria of Animals Living in Polluted Environments. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9040190"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-021-01261-1","article-title":"Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Conjugated with Clinically-Approved Medicines as Potential Antibacterial Molecules","volume":"11","author":"Akbar","year":"2021","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-016-7872-2","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of Antibacterial Compound(s) of Cockroaches (Periplaneta Americana)","volume":"101","author":"Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attia, G.H., Marrez, D.A., Mohammed, M.A., Albarqi, H.A., Ibrahim, A.M., and Raey, M.A.E. (2021). Synergistic Effect of Mandarin Peels and Hesperidin with Sodium Nitrite against Some Food Pathogen Microbes. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26113186"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.03.032","article-title":"Curcumin-Loaded Polysaccharide Nanoparticles: Optimization and Anticariogenic Activity against Streptococcus Mutans","volume":"75","author":"Maghsoudi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17012","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52738-w","article-title":"Gut Bacteria of Cuora Amboinensis (Turtle) Produce Broad-Spectrum Antibacterial Molecules","volume":"9","author":"Akbar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205031211878196","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312118781962","article-title":"Cytotoxic Effects of Benzodioxane, Naphthalene Diimide, Porphyrin and Acetamol Derivatives on HeLa Cells","volume":"6","author":"Jeyamogan","year":"2018","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-020-01061-z","article-title":"Metronidazole Conjugated Magnetic Nanoparticles Loaded with Amphotericin B Exhibited Potent Effects Against Pathogenic Acanthamoeba castellanii Belonging to the T4 Genotype","volume":"10","author":"Anwar","year":"2020","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1590\/0104-6632.20160333s20150137","article-title":"Nanobiocatalytic Systems Based on Lipase-Fe3O4 and Conventional Systems for Isoniazid Synthesis: A Comparative Study","volume":"33","author":"Costa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3278","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR03867G","article-title":"Polyol Synthesis, Functionalisation, and Biocompatibility Studies of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Potential MRI Contrast Agents","volume":"8","author":"Hachani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.2138","article-title":"Effect of hydrogen bonding in the vibrational spectra of trans-cinnamic acid","volume":"40","author":"Nolasco","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-020-01746-9","article-title":"Bioformulated Hesperidin-loaded PLGA Nanoparticles Counteract the Mitochondrial-Mediated Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway in Cancer Cells","volume":"31","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s10847-014-0434-2","article-title":"Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties of Hesperidin: \u03b2-cyclodextrin Complexes Obtained by Different Techniques","volume":"81","author":"Corciova","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Incl. Phenom. Macrocycl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2018.1431653","article-title":"Gum Acacia Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles Based Nano-Cargo for Enhanced Anti-Arthritic Potentials of Hesperidin in Adjuvant Induced Arthritic Rats","volume":"46","author":"Rao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, A., Aslam, F., Kanwal, T., Shah, M.R., Khalil, A.A.K., Shah, S.W.A., Alshammari, E.M., El-Masry, E.A., Batiha, G.E.S., and Baty, R.S. (2021). Enhanced Antibacterial Potential of Amoxicillin against Helicobacter pylori Mediated by Lactobionic Acid Coated Zn-MOFs. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10091071"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akbar, N., Kawish, M., Jabri, T., Khan, N.A., Shah, M.R., and Siddiqui, R. (2022, May 17). Cinnamic Acid and Lac-tobionic Acid Based Nanoformulations as a Potential Antiamoebic Therapeutics. Available online: https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4035178.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4035178"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2017.11.038","article-title":"Linear Dextrin as Curcumin Delivery System: Effect of Degree of Polymerization on the Functional Stability of Curcumin","volume":"77","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119897","article-title":"Synthesis of lactobionic acid based bola-amphiphiles and its application as nano-carrier for curcumin delivery to cancer cell cultures in-vitro","volume":"590","author":"Habib","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.04.013","article-title":"Fabrication of Lecithin-Gum Tragacanth Muco-Adhesive Hybrid Nano-Carrier System for in-Vivo Performance of Amphotericin B","volume":"194","author":"Jabri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawish, M., Elhissi, A., Jabri, T., Muhammad Iqbal, K., Zahid, H., and Shah, M.R. (2020). Enhancement in Oral Absorption of Ceftriaxone by Highly Functionalized Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12060492"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/aafbff","article-title":"Aggregation Effects on the Magnetic Properties of Iron Oxide Colloids","volume":"30","author":"Moros","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-326X(00)00210-0","article-title":"Pyranoisoflavones from Rinorea Welwitschii","volume":"71","author":"Stewart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, Z.L., Kuo, H.P., Johnson, A., Wu, L.C., and Chang, K.L.B. (2019). Curcumin-Loaded Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Markedly Enhanced Cytotoxicity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. IJMS, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20122918"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.03.042","article-title":"Glycoside-Based Niosomal Nanocarrier for Enhanced in-Vivo Performance of Cefixime","volume":"505","author":"Imran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-017-1853-y","article-title":"Size, Stability, and Porosity of Mesoporous Nanoparticles Characterized with Light Scattering","volume":"12","author":"Kaasalainen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamison, D.T., and Breman, J.G. (2006). Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, World Bank. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1596\/978-0-8213-6179-5"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw055","article-title":"Faropenem Consumption Is Increasing in India","volume":"62","author":"Gandra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2005.06.009","article-title":"Probiotics and Nutraceuticals: Non-Medicinal Treatments of Gastrointestinal Diseases","volume":"5","author":"Penner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3903","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S234610","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: Implications and costs","volume":"12","author":"Dadgostar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/03009734.2016.1195900","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance\u2014a Threat to the World\u2019s Sustainable Development","volume":"121","author":"Littmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Upsala J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iredell, J., Brown, J., and Tagg, K. (2016). Antibiotic Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. BMJ, 352.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h6420"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01441","article-title":"Nano-Strategies to Fight Multidrug Resistant Bacteria\u2014\u201cA Battle of the Titans\u201d","volume":"9","author":"Baptista","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.2741\/e827","article-title":"Nanoantibiotics Future Nanotechnologies to Combat Antibiotic Resistance","volume":"10","author":"Hayat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fux003","article-title":"From Nano to Micro: Using Nanotechnology to Combat Microorganisms and Their Multidrug Resistance","volume":"41","author":"Natan","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4745","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2014.9527","article-title":"The Role of Nanotechnology in Combating Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria","volume":"14","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246012","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/246012","article-title":"Alternative Antimicrobial Approach: Nano-Antimicrobial Materials","volume":"2015","author":"Beyth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid. -Based Complementary Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8211","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S132163","article-title":"Nanomaterials for Alternative Antibacterial Therapy","volume":"12","author":"Hemeg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2013.07.011","article-title":"Nanotechnology as a Therapeutic Tool to Combat Microbial Resistance","volume":"65","author":"Pelgrift","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-017-0308-z","article-title":"Metal Nanoparticles: Understanding the Mechanisms behind Antibacterial Activity","volume":"15","author":"Slavin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.52.4.560","article-title":"Molecular Properties of Amphotericin B Membrane Channel: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation","volume":"52","author":"Baginski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(90)90031-2","article-title":"Derivatives of Amphotericin Inhibit Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Vitro by Different Modes of Action","volume":"14","author":"Hansen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015885814417","article-title":"Liposomes and Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Intracellu-lar Bacterial Infections","volume":"8","author":"Couvreur","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(99)00121-1","article-title":"Targeted delivery of antibiotics using liposomes and nanoparticles: Research and applications","volume":"13","author":"Andremont","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2011.58","article-title":"Recent advances in materials for extended-release anti-biotic delivery system","volume":"64","author":"Gao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4270","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00815-09","article-title":"Silica-Antibiotic Hybrid Nanoparticles for Targeting Intracellular Pathogens","volume":"53","author":"Seleem","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14520","DOI":"10.33263\/BRIAC116.1452014528","article-title":"Exploration of Antioxidant, Antibacterial Activities of Green Synthesized Hesperidin Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles","volume":"11","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2021.116623","article-title":"Surface Conjugation of CURcumin with Self-Assembled Lysozyme Nanoparticle Enhanced Its Bioavailability and Therapeutic Efficacy in Multiple Cancer Cells","volume":"338","author":"Somu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3091587","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/3091587","article-title":"CURcumin-Chitosan Nanocomposite Formulation Containing Pongamia Pinnata-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles, Wound Pathogen Control, and Anti-Inflammatory Potential","volume":"2021","author":"Shanmugam","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20724","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA03719B","article-title":"NanoCURcumin: Preparation, Characterization and Cytotoxic Effects towards Human Laryngeal Cancer Cells","volume":"10","author":"Hanna","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/11\/5\/696\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:15:47Z","timestamp":1760138147000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/11\/5\/696"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics11050696"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics11050696","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]}}}