{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T15:24:25Z","timestamp":1772637865653,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Reims Champagne-Ardenne"},{"name":"Conseil R\u00e9gional de Champagne-Ardenne"},{"name":"Association pour le D\u00e9veloppement de la Microbiologie et de l\u2019Immunologie R\u00e9moises"},{"name":"International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacteria within biofilms may be exposed to sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of antibiotics. Cell-to-cell contact within biofilms facilitates horizontal gene transfers and favors induction of the SOS response. Altogether, it participates in the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Aminoglycosides at sub-MICs can induce the SOS response through NO accumulation in E. coli carrying the small plasmid with the quinolone resistance qnrD gene (pDIJ09-518a). In this study, we show that in E. coli pDIJ09-518a, the SOS response triggered by sub-MICs of aminoglycosides has important consequences, promoting genetic rearrangement in class 1 integrons and biofilm formation. We found that the integrase expression was increased in E. coli carrying pDIJ09-518a in the presence of tobramycin, which was not observed for the WT isogenic strain that did not carry the qnrD-plasmid. Moreover, we showed that biofilm production was significantly increased in E. coli WT\/pDIJ09-518a compared to the WT strain. However, such a higher production was decreased when the Hmp-NO detoxification pathway was fully functional by overexpressing Hmp. Our results showing that a qnrD-plasmid can promote biofilm formation in E. coli and potentiate the acquisition and spread of resistance determinants for other antibiotics complicate the attempts to counteract antibiotic resistance and prevention of biofilm development even further. We anticipate that our findings emphasize the complex challenges that will impact the decisions about antibiotic stewardship, and other decisions related to retaining antibiotics as effective drugs and the development of new drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11060715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T08:50:22Z","timestamp":1653555022000},"page":"715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A qnrD-Plasmid Promotes Biofilm Formation and Class 1 Integron Gene Cassette Rearrangements in Escherichia coli"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3464-5491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anamaria","family":"Babosan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm UMR-S 1250 P3Cell, SFR CAP-Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaux","family":"Gaschet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Limoges, Inserm, CHU Limoges, UMR-S 1092, 87032 Limoges, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4241-3298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana\u00eblle","family":"Muggeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm UMR-S 1250 P3Cell, SFR CAP-Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Bact\u00e9riologie-Virologie-Hygi\u00e8ne Hospitali\u00e8re-Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Reims, H\u00f4pital Robert Debr\u00e9, Avenue du G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Koenig, CEDEX, 51092 Reims, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9983-2880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Jov\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Limoges, Inserm, CHU Limoges, UMR-S 1092, 87032 Limoges, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Skurnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Inserm U1151-Equipe 11, Universit\u00e9 Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Bact\u00e9riologie, AP-HP, H\u00f4pital Necker-Enfants Malades, 75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie-C\u00e9cile","family":"Ploy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Limoges, Inserm, CHU Limoges, UMR-S 1092, 87032 Limoges, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4375-2080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe","family":"de Champs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm UMR-S 1250 P3Cell, SFR CAP-Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Bact\u00e9riologie-Virologie-Hygi\u00e8ne Hospitali\u00e8re-Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Reims, H\u00f4pital Robert Debr\u00e9, Avenue du G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Koenig, CEDEX, 51092 Reims, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0753-3761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fany","family":"Reffuveille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EA 4691 BiOS, SFR CAP-Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3795-0398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Guillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm UMR-S 1250 P3Cell, SFR CAP-Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Bact\u00e9riologie-Virologie-Hygi\u00e8ne Hospitali\u00e8re-Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Reims, H\u00f4pital Robert Debr\u00e9, Avenue du G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Koenig, CEDEX, 51092 Reims, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernier, S.P., Lebeaux, D., DeFrancesco, A.S., Valomon, A., Soubigou, G., Copp\u00e9e, J.-Y., Ghigo, J.-M., and Beloin, C. 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