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In this study, one blaOXA-181-positive Pseudocitrobacter faecalis strain was isolated from the blood culture of a patient with a bloodstream infection in China, which was its first clinical report outside Pakistan. Species identification of P. faecalis was initially performed using MALDI-TOF\/MS and further confirmed by 16S rRNA gene and housekeeping gene sequencing. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was determined through the broth microdilution method, and their clonal relationship was analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. To study the transmission and genetic structure of the blaOXA-181 gene, a transformation test and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) were performed. The results of the antimicrobial susceptibility testing indicated this P. faecalis was resistant to carbapenems, quinolones, and commonly used \u03b2-lactam\/\u03b2-lactamase inhibitor combinations. Through WGS and transformation experiments, blaOXA-181 and qnrS1 genes causing antibiotic resistance were located on a 55,148-bp length IncX3 type plasmid with a truncated ColKp3 replicon gene. As a rare species of Enterobacterales, P. faecalis was clinically reported in China for the first time, and the blaOXA-181 gene it carried was located on a globally disseminated IncX3 plasmid. The spread of such bacteria and antibiotic resistance requires more clinical attention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11060737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T10:05:14Z","timestamp":1653905114000},"page":"737","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Characterization of the First Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudocitrobacter faecalis Harboring blaOXA-181 in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Qingyu","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renru","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dandan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fupin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0904124","article-title":"Hospital-acquired infections due to gram-negative bacteria","volume":"362","author":"Peleg","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. 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